UPDATED APRIL 02, 2023, EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE EXPRESSED IN EACH FAMILY.
AMPHIBIANS (8,723 spp.) are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.
Brazil has (28:120/)1,130 spp.
ANURA
7,679 spp. in 58 families; Brazil has (23:106/)1,186 spp.
31 families not occur in South America:
Alytidae (3/12, W Europe, Mediterranean North Africa, and Israel, possibly into Syria), Arthroleptidae (7/150, subsaharan Africa), Ascaphidae (1/2, Canadá to U.S.A.), Bombinatoridae (2/9, France and Italy east to eastern Russia and Turkey, China, Korea, and Vietnam; Borneo (central Kalimantan, Indonesia), and the Philippines), Brevicipitidae (5/37, sub-saharan E & S Africa), Rhacophoridae (23/447, subsaharan Africa; S Asia from Sri Lanka, Nepal, and India, to Japan, the Philippines and Sulwesi), Rhinophrynidae (1/1, Texas to Costa Rica), Scaphiopodidae (2/7, Canada and USA south to temperate southern Mexico), Sooglossidae (1/4, Seychelles in the Indian Ocean), Ptychadenidae (3/64, Africa), Pyxicephalidae (12/82, Africa), Ranixalidae (2/18, India), Micrixalidae (1/24, India), Limnodynastidae (7/44, Australia and New Guinea), Myobatrachidae (13/91, Austalia and New Guinea), Nasikabatrachidae (1/2, India), Nyctibatrachidae (3/39, India to Sri Lanka), Odontobatrachidae (1/5, Africa), Pelobatidae (1/6, Europe, western Asia, and NW Africa), Pelodytidae (1/5, SW Europe and the Caucasus), Petropedetidae (3/13, Africa), Phrynobatrachidae (1/96, Africa), Dicroglossidae (15/214, Africa to Philippines), Heleophrynidae (2/7, South Africa, Lesotho), Hemisotidae (1/9, Africa), Leiopelmatidae (1/3, New Zealand), Conrauidae (1/8, tropical West Africa, Ethiopia and Eritrea), Mantellidae (12/235, Madagascar and Mayotte Island), Megophryidae (11/300, Pakistan and western China east to the Philippines and the Greater Sunda Islands), Hyperoliidae (17/224, Africa and nearby islands south of the Sahara; Madagascar; Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean), Ceratobatrachidae (4/102, Fiji, Admirality and Bismarck Islands, Moluccas, Solomon Island, Borneo and Palawan Island, Philippines; N Myanmar, NE India, and adjacent China).
1.1 ALLOPHRYNIDAE (1/3) - one genus.
Allophryne (3, non-montane southern Venezuela, through Guyana, French Guiana, and Surinam to central Brazil (Rondonia, Amapa, Pará, Amazonas, northern Mato Grosso, and Roraima), and possibly into adjacent Bolivia; expected in adjacent E Colombia).
1.2 ALSODIDAE (3/30) - southern Brazil to northern Paraguay to Chile and Argentina.
Alsodes (19, Chile and Argentina), Eupsophus (10, Argentina and Chile) and Limnomedusa (1, S Brazil in Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay, NE Argentina and N Paraguay).
1.3 AROMOBATIDAE (5/132) - tropical South America.
Allobates (59, Colombia and Ecuador, and north and west in Central America to Nicaragua; Guyanan region and Amazonas drainage of South America in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and French Guiana; Martinique), Anomaloglossus (32, pantepuis in Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, and lowlands of the Guiana Shield in N Pará, Amapá, Suriname, French Guiana), Rheobates (2, Magdalena Valley to the eastern slope of the Cordillera Central, Colombia), Aromobates (18, Andes of Venezuela and adjacent Cordillera Oriental of Colombia), Mannophryne (20, Andes, Cordillera de la Costa, and Peninsula de Paría in Venezuela; Trinidad and Tobago).
1.4 BATRACHYLIDAE (4/12) - C & S Chile, and adjacent Argentina.
Atelognathus (5, extreme S Argentina and Chile), Batrachyla (5, C and S Chile, and adjacent Argentina), Chaltenobatrachus (1, Argentina and Chile) and Hylorina (1, Valdivia region, Chile, and adjacent Argentina)
1.5 BRACHYCEPHALIDAE (2/77) - southern and central Brazil and adjacent N Argentina.
Brachycephalus (38, S & SE Brazil) and Ischnocnema (39, C & S Brazil; adjacent N Argentina; possibly into adjacent Paraguay).
1.6 BUFONIDAE (52/636) - 17 only in tropical Asia to Australia and Pacific, 15 only in Africa up Arabian peninsula, three widely in Eurasia (Bufo, Epidalea, Strauchbufo), one widely in Old World (Bufotes), two in New World absents in South America, Anaxyrus (25, Alaska and southern Canada south to the highlands of Mexico west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and Peltophryne (14, Cuba, Isla de Juventud, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), and 13 in South America.
Amazophrynella (13, Amazone, at low to moderate altitudes in Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and French Guyana, and presumably in Suriname and Bolivia), Atelopus (99, Costa Rica to Bolivia and the Guiana Shield), Dendrophryniscus (16, Atlantic forests of Brazil), Frostius (2, Pernambuco and Alagoas, Brazil), Incilius (39, Southern USA south to Panama and then south along the Pacific versant to Ecuador), Melanophryniscus (31, Argentina, S Bolivia; Brazil in coastal lowlands of S Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, Uruguay), Metaphryniscus (1, Tepuy Marahuaca Sur, state of Amazonas, Venezuela), Nannophryne (4, Peru south in disjunct populations to S Chile and adjacent Argentina), Oreophryella (8, on sandstone mountains in S Venezuela and adjacent Guyana), Osornophryne (11, Colombia to central Andes of Ecuador, between 2700 and 3700 m), Rhaebo (14, Honduras to N and W Colombia, northwestern Ecuador, and NW Venezuela; Amazonean lowlands of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Guyanas), Rhinella (89, U.S.A. and southern Sonora (Mexico) south through tropical Mexico and Central America to southern South America) and Truebella (2, Ayacucho and Junín in Peru).
1.7 CALIGOPHRYNIDAE (1/1) - a single genus.
Caligophryne (1/1, Neblina Massif of Amazonas, extreme southern Venezuela and northern Amazonas, northwestern Brazil, mostly around elevations of 2000 m).
1.8 CALYPTOCEPHALELLIDAE (2/5) - mountains of C and S Chile.
Calyptocephalella (1, Chile) and Telmatobufo (4, Chile).
1.9 CENTROLENIDAE (11/158) - all genera in South America.
Celsiella (2, known only from Cerro El Humo, Sucre, and the Distrito Federal, Venezuela), Centrolene (30, Colombia and Venezuela to Peru, and on the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela and the Guiana region), Chimerella (2, Ecuador, possibly into adjacent southern Colombia; also San Martín, Peru, 610 m elevation), Cochranella (14, Honduras to Amazonean and Andean cloud forests of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and into Amapá, Brazil), Espadarana (5, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, to Venezuela), Hyalinobatrachium (35, Mexico to SE Brazil and Argentina), Nymphargus (42, Andean slopes of Colombia and Ecuador and the eastern Andean slopes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia), Rulyrana (6, Ecuador, Peru, and possibly into adjacent Bolivia; also in Colombia), Sachatamia (5, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, NW Ecuador), Teratohyla (5, Honduras south and in the Pacific and Amazonean wet tropical lowlands of South America below 1000 m; a seemingly isolated population in French Guiana), Vitreorana (10, Venezuela and the Guianas to French Guiana; Amazone of Colombia and Ecuador, and in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil Argentina).
1.10 CERATOPHRYIDAE (3/12) - South America.
Ceratophrys (8, tropical South America), Chacophrys (1, salt flats in Chaco, Córdoba, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Luis, and Rioja provinces in N Argentina; W Paraguay; Tarija, Bolivia) and Lepidobatrachus (3, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina)
1.11 CEUTHOMANTIDAE (1/4) ▸ one genus.
Ceuthomantis (4, S and E parts of the Guiana Highlands: Mount Ayanganna and the Wokomung Massif in Guyana, Cerro Aracamuni and Sierra Tapirapecó in the Cerro Neblina Massif on the Venezuela–Brazil border, and Sarisariñama Tepui in southern Venezuela, extending into adjacent Brazil).
1.12 CRAUGASTORIDAE (2/129) ▸ Arizona to central Texas and south through tropical and subtropical habitats to northwestern Ecuador and Colombia; Atlantic coastal forest of eastern and southern Brazil.
Craugastor (126, Arizona to central Texas and south through tropical and subtropical habitats to NW Ecuador and Colombia) and Haddadus (3, Atlantic coastal forest of E and SE Brazil).
1.13 CYCLORAMPHIDAE (2/37) ▸ Brazil.
Cycloramphus (30, SE Brazil) and Thoropa (7, SE Brazil).
1.14 DENDROBATIDAE (16/204) ▸ Nicaragua to the Amazone of Bolivia and to the Guianas and southeastern Brazil.
Adelphobates (3, Peru and Brazil; expected in adjacent Bolivia), Ameerega (29, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goias, Brazil, north and northwest throughout the Amazonean South America, west to the foothills of the Andes in Bolivia to Venezuela), Andinobates (16, Panamá to Ecuador), Colostethus (12, Panama to throughout most of Andean Colombia, south to central Ecuador; isolated population in northern Peru), Dendrobates (5, Nicaragua through Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia to Guianas and adjacent Brazil), Ectopoglossus (7, Panama to Ecuador), Epipedobates (8, SW Ecuador to Chocó of W Colombia), Excidobates (3, NW Peru to Ecuador), Hyloxalus (63, Panama through Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru on the Pacific coast, Andean Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru as well and eastern foothills of the Andes in Bolivia to Venezuela, east to the upper Amazone), Leucostethus (11, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru), Minyobates (1, Cerro Yapacana, Amazonas, Venezuela), Oophaga (12, Caribbean Nicaragua through Costa Rica and Panama to the Chocó and western slopes of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador), Paruwrobates (3, S Colombia and N Ecuador), Phyllobates (5, Nicaragua to Colombia), Ranitomeya (16, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; Amazone of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, possibly into Bolivia, from the foothills of the Andes east to the mouth of the Amazonas River and north into French Guiana) and Silverstoneia (8, Costa Rica to to southwestern Colombia).
1.15 ELEUTHERODACTYLIDAE (4/237) ▸ 4 genera, one South American outisder: Eleutherodactylus (206, Texas and Mexico south to Belize and Guatemala; Antilles from the Bahamas and Cuba east and south to the Leeward Islands).
Diasporus (17, Honduras south along the Atlantic coastal plain of Nicaragua to Costa Rica (on both coasts) thence east to the western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador), Adelophryne (12, South America east of the Andes (roughly, the Guiana Shield) as well the coastal area of south-central Bahia, Brazil) and Phyzelaphryne (2, southern Amazone in drainage of Madeira and Tapajos rivers, Brazil).
1.16 HEMIPHRACTIDAE (6/119) ▸ tropical and Andean South America; Costa Rica, Panama; Trinidad and Tobago.
Cryptobatrachus (5, Sierra Santa Marta, Colombia, and Serranía de Perija in Venezuela), Flectonotus (2, Colombia and adjacent Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago), Fritziana (7, mountains and adjacent coastal lowlands of SE Brazil from Espírito Santo to São Paulo), Gastrotheca (77, Costa Rica and Panama, N & W South America southward to N Argentina; E & SE Brazil), Hemiphractus (9, Panama; Colombia and NW Ecuador; upper Amazonas Basin and Amazonean slopes and Andes in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia) and Stefania (19, Guiana Shield in Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil).
1.17 HYLIDAE (57/1,033) ▸ three subfamilies.
Hylinae (46/744) ▸ outsiers: Hyla (16, Old World), Dryophytes (20, North America from Canada to Oaxaca, and adjacent Guatemala; Far eastern Russia, Korean Peninsula, Japan, eastern China, and Ryukyu Island), Acris (Canada to Mexico), Atlantihyla (3, Guatemala and Honduras), Bromeliohyla (3, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and N Honduras), Charadrahyla (10, Mexico), Duellmanohyla (10, Oaxaca, Mexico, disjunctly to western Panama), Exerodonta (9, Mexico; E Guatemala and SW Honduras), Isthmohyla (14, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama), Megastomatohyla (4, Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico), Osteopilus (8, Greater Antilles, Jamaica, Bahama Islands, and S Florida), Plectrohyla (19, Mexico to Nicaragua), Pseudacris (19, Alaska to Mexico, and eastward to western Texas, USA), Ptychohyla (6, Mexico to central Nicaragua), Quilticohyla (4, Mexico, Guatemala), Rheohyla (1, Mexico), Sarcohyla (26, Mexico), Tlalocohyla (4, Mexico to Costa Rica), Triprion (3, Mexico, Guatemala, and into Honduras; Costa Rica and western Panama, and from SW Costa Rica to west-central Panama).
'Hyla' imitator (1, known only Amazonas, Brazil), 'Hyla' nicefori (known only from Boyacá, Colombia, ca. 1450 m elevation), Aplastodiscus (C and SE Brazil to adjacent Argentina), Boana (98, C and South American from Nicaragua to Argentina; Trinidad and Tobago), Bokermannohyla (30, Brazil in the Distrito Federal and states of Paraná, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Goiás, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Santa Catarina), Corythomantis (2, Maranhão to central Tocantins, to Goiás east to Alagoas, and middle Bahia state, also Minas Gerais state, Brazil), Dendropsophus (109, Argentina and Uruguay north through tropical South America and Central American to tropical S Mexico), Dryaderces (2, C Peru to Amazonean Bolivia; also in Pará, Brazil), Ecnomiohyla (12, Mexico through Central America to Colombia), Gabohyla (1, SE Bahia to E Espírito Santo), Hyloscirtus (38, Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador and Amazonean drainage of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia), Itapotihyla (1, Bahia, Brazil, through E Paraguay, to NE Argentina), Lysapsus (4, Guyana and adjacent N Brazil south to S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and N Argentina), Myersiohyla (6, Guyana and Venezuela), Nesorohyla (1, S Guyana), Nyctimantis (7, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; Argentina and S Uruguay; SC Paraguay; coastal region of SE Brazil), Osteocephalus (27, Venezuela and the Guianas to NE Brazil (Piaui) in the East, to central Brazil (Mato Grosso) and central Bolivia in the south and to the eastern Andean slopes from Bolivia to Colombia), Phyllodytes (15, E Brazil), Hytotriades (1, Trinidad, Venezuela), Pseudis (7, Guianas, NE Venezuela, Trinidad, and S Brazil, Paraguay, SE Peru, E Bolivia, NE Argentina, and Uruguay), Scarthyla (2, Bolivia to the Iquitos region of Peru, Colombia and Brazil; Venezuela), Scinax (129, E and S Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Lucia), Smilisca (9, U.S.A., Mexico to Central America and NW South America, exclusive of Amazonas Basin), Sphaenorhynchus (14, Amazonas and Orinoco basins, Guianas; E Brazil; Trinidad), Tepuihyla (9, enezuela and adjacent Guyana and Brazil to the upper Amazonas Basin of Ecuador and Peru),Trachycephalus (18, Mexico, Central and South America east of the Andes, south to N Argentina and E Brazil), Xenohyla (2, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Phyllomedusinae (8/67) ▸ Agalychnis (14, Mexico to Venezula and Ecuador), Callimedusa (6, Amazonean slopes of the Andes from Ecuador to central Peru; upper Amazonas Basin from Colombia to Bolivia; Guianan Region), Cruziohyla (3, Nicaragua and E Honduras up to NW Ecuador, Amazonean lowlands in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Amazonas, Brazil), Hylomantis (2, Atlantic coastal forest in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil), Phasmahyla (8, SE Brazil from E Minas Gerais and C Espírito Santo to E Paraná), Phrynomedusa (6, SE Brazil), Phyllomedusa (16, Panama, Colombia, and South America east of the Andes, including Trinidad, southward to N Argentina and Uruguay), Pithecopus (12, southern Venezuela to N Argentina).
Pelodryadidae (3/222) ▸ Australo-Papuan region.
1.18 HYLODIDAE (4/46) ▸ NE Brazil to S Brazil and N Argentina.
Crossodactylus (13, Alagoas through S Paraguay to Paraná in Brazil, and N Argentina), Hylodes (26, high-gradient streams in Atlantic forests in the state of Espirito Santo south through Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo to Rio Grando do Sul, in S Brazil), Megaelosia (1, Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira, SE Brazil) and Phantasmarana (6, Atlantic rainforest biome in Brazil, ranging from the southern part of the state of São Paulo to the states of Minas Gerais and N Espírito Santo).
1.19 LEPTODACTYLIDAE (13/232) ▸ all genera occur in South America.
Adenomera (29, South America east of the Andes), Crossodactylodes (5, montane Atlantic Forest and Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil), Edalorhina (2, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and adjacent Brazil), Engystomops (9, Mexico to northern South America south to Bolivia), Hydrolaetare (3, Amazonas basin from Madeira and Acre (Brazil) to Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and French Guiana), Leptodactylus (83, S North America, South America, and the West Indies), Lithodytes (1, E Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Brazil through S Venezuela to the Guianas; possibly Trinidad), Paratelmatobius (7, SE Brazil), Physalaemus (50, N & C Argentina; E Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; Brazil and the Guianas; lowlands of S Venezuela and llanos of SE Colombia), Pleurodema (15, South America), Pseudopaludicola (25, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, SW Surinam, NE Peru, E Bolivia, Paraguay, much of Brazil and N, E, & C Argentina and Uruguay), Rupirana (1, northern portion of the Serra do Espinaço, Bahia, Brazil), Scythrophrys (1, Serra do Mar in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil).
1.20 MICROHYLIDAE (59/736) ▸ 11 genera in Madagascar, three in Africa, 30 in E Asia from India and Korea to the Greater Sunda Islands and Australia, Gastrophryne (4, U.S.A. to Honduras), Hypopachus (5, U.S.A. and Mexico to Costa Rica), and 12 in South America.
Adelastes (1, foothills of Mount Neblina, Amazonas, S Venezuela, Guyana), Arcovomer (1, Espírito Santo, coastal Rio de Janeiro, and SE coastal São Paulo, Brazil), Chiasmocleis (36, South America, north and east of the Andes), Ctenophryne (6, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador, as well Guianian and Amazonean South America; NW Colombia), Dasypops (1, Espírito Santo and Bahia, Brazil), Dermatonotus (1, Argentina, Bolivia; Paraguay; Brazil, from Maranhão to Alagoas and Goiás, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo), Elachistocleis (22, Panama and Colombia southward, east of the Andes, to southern Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, central Argentina, central and SE Brazil and Uruguay; Trinidad; west of the Andes in Azuay Province, Ecuador), Hamptophryne (2, Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia), Myersiella (1, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro into Minas Gerais; Serra do Mar in São Paulo, Brazil), Otophryne (3, E Colombia and Guianan Venezuela to French Guiana and adjacent Brazil), Stereocyclops (4, Atlantic forest of eastern Brazil from Alagoas south to São Paulo) and Synapturanus (7, Colombia and Peru east through the Guianas to N Brazil).
1.21 NEBLINAPHRYNIDAE (1/1) - a single genus.
Neblinaphryne (1/1, found from 2013 to 2995 m elevation, with the highest elevations corresponding to the summit of the Pico da Neblina, Brazil’s highest mountain, in the state of Amazonas; of the 33 specimens in the original series, only two were collected below 2600 m elevation, at Bacia do Gelo (2,013 m) and at Pepita camp (2,330 m)).
1.22 ODONTOPHRYNIDAE (3/54) ▸ South America.
Macrogenioglottus (1, Atlantic forest in southern Bahia to São Paulo, Brazil), Odontophrynus (10, S & E South America), Proceratophrys (43, E and S Brazil; NE Argentina and Paraguay; possibly extending into Bolivia adjacent to the Brazilian border).
1.23 PIPIDAE (4/41) ▸3 genera in Africa and one in South America.
Pipa (7, South America east of the Andes and in adjacent Panama).
1.24 RANIDAE (27/429) ▸ 20 genera in S, E & SE Asia to New Guinea, Amnirana (10) from Subsaharan Africa south to Namibia and Zimbabwe, Papurana (19) from Asia to Australia, Pelophylax (22) from Marocco to China, south up to Eritrea, Rana (55) in temperate Eurasia into Indochina and W North America, and one in South America.
Lithobates (51, North (excluding the Pacific region), Central, and South America south to SE Brazil).
1.25 RHINODERMATIDAE (2/3) ▸ temperate forests of southern Chile and adjacent Argentina.
Insuetophrynus (1, Valdivia Provincia, Chile), Rhinoderma (2, southern Chile and adjacent Argentina).
1.26 STRABOMANTIDAE (773 spp.) ▸ all genera in South America.
Bahius (1, known from sea level to about 800 m in Bahia and adjacent Minas Gerais, Brazil), Barycholos (2, tropical lowland Ecuador; SE Brazil), Bryophryne (11, Cusco, Peru, 120-2,900 m elevation), Euparkerella (5, Atlantic coastal forests in the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Holoaden (4, SE Brazil), Lynchius (8, S Ecuador and northern Peru, 2,215–3,100 m elevation), Microkayla (25, Peru to the western limits of Department Santa Cruz in central Bolivia), Niceforonia (15, Colombia southward through Ecuador to C Peru and east into the Amazonas Basin in Ecuador and northern Peru), Noblella (17, SE Colombia, E Peru. NE Bolivia and adjacent Brazil; eastern slopes of the Andes of S Ecuador through Peru to Bolivia), Oreobates (26, Colombia south to N Argentina and east into W Brazil), Phrynopus (35, C Peru), Pristimantis (595, Honduras east through Central America through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Amazone and Atlantic Forest Brazil and the Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada, Lesser Antilles), Psychrophrynella (5, Cordillera Oriental in southern Peru), Qosqophryne (3, Cusco, Peru), Serranobatrachus (7, Madalegna, Colombia), Strabomantis (16, Costa Rica through the wet tropics of Colombia, N Venezuela, Ecuador, E Peru, and W Brazil), Tachiramantis (7, Venezuela and the adjacent parts of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia), Yunganastes (5, S Peru to C Bolivia).
1.27 TELMATOBIIDAE (1/61) ▸Ecuador to Chile and Argentina
Telmatobius (61, range of family).
CAUDATA
772 spp. in nine families; Mexican diversity of Urodela (the second worldwide) is concentrated in Plethodontidae (15/139 spp., 6 endemics), plus 17 spp. of Ambystomidae, a single Sirenidae and a single Salamandrideae. All eight genera of amphibians endemic to the U.S.A. are Urodela. All Urodela from southern Mexican Plateau are Bolitoglossines.
Hynobiidae (90) only in Asia; Amphiumidae (3) and Rhyacotritonidae (4) are endemics to U.S.A.; Ambystomatidae (30) and Sirenidae (5) from U.S.A. up to Canadá and Mexico; Salamandridae (132), Cryptobranchidae (4) and Proteidae (9) in North America and northern Eurasia; only Plethodontidae in tropical New World.
2.1 PLETHODONTIDAE (495 spp.) ▸ New World, Italy and South Korea. Brazil has a single genus, Bolitoglossa, and 5 spp., 4 endemics (AOW/Br).
 |
| NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF BOLITOGLOSSINES BY REGION |
GYMNOPHIONA
214 spp. in 11 families, 5 in New World. All New World genera of Gymnophona occur in Brazil except Dermophis (7, Mexico to Colombia), Amazops (1, endemic to Ecuador), Gymnopis (2, Mexico to Panama) and Epicrionopis (7, Venezuela to Peru, possibly in Brazil). Brazil has 13 genera in 4 families and 40 spp. (AOW/Br). Colombia has 41 spp. in 8 genera among 5 families, 24 of them only in Caecilia (AOW/CL). Excepting Caecilia, Brazil has 35 spp. and Colombia only 17. India has 41 spp. in 5 genera among 3 families (AOW/IN).
3.1 CAECILIIDAE (43 spp.) ▸ all genera in South America.
Caecilia (35, Panama and northern South American south to Bolivia), Oscaecilia (9, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Amazonean Peru, SE Brazil, and Guyana; possibly into Bolivia).
3.2 DERMOPHIIDAE (14 spp.) ▸ 4 genera, only one in South America and three outsiders: Gymnopis (2, Chiapas, Mexico, and Guatemala to Panama, apparently excluding El Salvador), Geotrypetes (3, West Africa) and Schistometopum (2, Kenya and Tanzania; São Tomé and Principe).
Dermophis (7, S Mexico to NW Colombia), Gymnopis (2, Chiapas, Mexico, and Guatemala to Panama, apparently excluding El Salvador).
3.3 RHINATREMATIDAE (14 spp.) ▸ all genera in South America.
Amazops (1, Ecuador), Epicrionops (7, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana, and presumably into adjacent Venezuela; possibly into N Bolivia), Rhinatrema (6, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, NE Venezuela, and adjacent Amapá, Pará, and NE Amazonas, Brazil).
3.4 SIPHONOPIDAE (28 spp.) ▸ all genera in South America.
Brasilotyphlus (3, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Roraima, and Pará, Brazil), Luetkenotyphlus (3, S Brazil; Misiones Province, Argentina; likely in S Paraguay), Microcaecilia (16, NW Colombia; Ecuador through S Venezuela to the Guianas; São Paulo, Brazil), Mimosiphonops (2, known definitely only from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil), Siphonops (4, South America east of the Andes, north of 30° S).
3.5 TYPHLONECTIDAE (14 spp.) ▸ all genera in South America.
Atretochoana (1, Marajó Bay, near the mouth of the Amazonas River in the state of Belem, and near the border between Brazil and Bolivia in the Madeira river, in the state of Rondônia), Chthonerpeton (9, S Brazil, Uruguay, and adjacent Argentina; Amazonean Ecuador; presumably in adjacent Paraguay), Nectocaecilia (1, S Venezuela, C Amazonas, W Acre, C Pará, Brazil; presumably to be found in adjacent Colombia and E Peru), Potomotyphlus (1, over northern South America), Typhlonectes (2, northern South America).