UPDATED IN 16∙11∙2024
ABSTRACT
We present here a detailed and taxonomically stable analysis of diversity of Metazoa in Brazil and worldwide. We use the notation (z:y/)x, which refers to x species in y genera of z families. Our numbers indicate 1,550,866 species worldwide in 140,984 genera at 7,344 families, with 126,590 species in Brazil, in 26,444 genera within 3,422 families, as of November 17, 2024. We classify Metazoa into 155 lineages, 129 of which have representatives in Brazil, while 26 are absent. Groups traditionally recognized as taxonomic units, such as Crustacea, Reptilia, and Fish, are analyzed in light of phylogeny, with potential fragmentation. We highlight endemic families and compare Brazilian diversity with that of Mexico, the main competing country in biodiversity in America Latina. Finally, we list some of the most important sources of publication in zoological taxonomy, both in Brazil and globally.
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Synopsis of Brazilian Animal Diversity, a blog for animal taxonomy, with an extreme focus on South America and Brazil. Our focus is not group biology, importance to man or ecology - it is just basic taxonomy and geographic comparison, with notes of singularities, bringing a summary of the Brazilian fauna in relation to the global context, with comparison with other countries, a survey of checklists and some notable singularities. Here we also highlight throughout the text the comparison between Brazilian diversity and that of two other major diversity hotspots in the New World, Colombia and, especially, Mexico.
REFERENCES
Our work here searched hundreds of bibliographic and digital references, such as websites and platforms, in order to elaborate the most accurate database possible that summarized all the diversity of the Metazoa Kingdom and the level of the main groups in each phylum, and to obtain precise numbers of the number of families, genera and species in Brazil and in the world in each group. However, six references deserve special mention due to their extreme relevance in the construction of this text.
▪ Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Zootaxa, 2013), marked as ▮¹ or Zhang (2013).
▪ Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment, by Balian et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2008), symbolized as ▮², or as Balian (2008).
▪ Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil is cited here as CFTB, extremely important for several numbers, especially in Insecta, Diplopoda, Maxillopoda, Malacostraca, Aarachnida and Platyhelminthes, among many others.
▪ Keys to Nearctic Fauna (BOOK), edited by James H. Thorp and D. Christopher Rogers, published in 2016, as KNF/2016.
▪ Keys to Neotropical and Antarctic Fauna (BOOK), edited by Cristina Damborenea, D. Christopher Rogers and James H. Thorp, published in 2020, as KNAF/2020.
LINEAGES and NUMBERS
Zhi-Qiang (Zootaxa), 2013) recognizes 39 extant phyla (SEE), with Myxozoa independent of Cnidaria and and Sipuncula and Echiura apart of Annelida; here we follow Wikipedia and treat Myxozoa inside Cnidaria, Xenoturbellida and Acoelomorpha united under Xenoacoelomorpha, Rotifera and Acanthocephala united as Syndermata (based on Laumer CE et al., Proc. R. Soc. B., 2019, and Giribet et al., BOOK, 2023), and Sipuncula and Echiura inside Annelida, based on recent works of phyllum (see text), resulting in 34 phyla. A list of several Zootaxa publications by group can be accessed at HERE.
According to data in our survey, Metazoa have 155 canonic lineages (after exclusion of Thaliacea and requalification of Placozoa).
Depending on the phylum, the main strains vary from classes to genera (such as in Phoronida).
Of these lineages there are 26 - including 3 whole phyla (marine parasitics Dicyemida, Orthonectida and Cycliophora) - never collected in the national territory, and 129 presents. Almost a of these strains are marine and their collections are concentrated in North America and Europe, and only few occur on land or fresh water (e.g. Polypodizoa and Peripatopsidae).
Salinella salve J. Frenzel, 1892 is a dubious species of a very simple animal that may not exist, but which some have named as the sole member of the phylum Monoblastozoa. It was discovered in 1892 by Johannes Frenzel in the salt pans of Argentina and cultivated in a laboratory by him. This animal has not been found since and its real existence is considered as doubtful (Wikipedia).
Brazil presents 31 of the 34 phyla accepted in this work, being one of the richest countries in the world in this regard. The highest diversities worldwide are 32 in U.S.A, Spain (lacks Orthonectida and Onychophora), Italy and France (lacks only Micrognathozoa and Onychophora); and 31 in own Brazil, Mexico (lacks Micrognathozoa, Orthonectida and Cycliophora) and Japan (lacks Micrognathozoa, Onychophora and Cycliophora).
|
| METAZOA PHYLOGENY AT THE TREE OF LIFE FOR LAUMER C.E. ET AL. (PROC. R. SOC., 2023) |
TABLE
In the table below, in the family/genus/species columns, the first numbers represent the data for Brazil and the second the numbers in world (in parenthesis). Gray lines are the final counting of the phylum. The distribution of the parasites is given according to that of their host. Data with (▇) are dispensable in accounting and offset by other data.
Some groups in Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca and Echinodermata lack any source that clearly provides the number of genera. In an attempt to give an estimate, it was agreed that the number of genera in each of these groups is twice the number of genera in Brazil or the number of families in the group, whichever is greater. The total estimate, with this extrapolation, differs from the real one, but is extremely practical and logical. To stand out from the accurately referenced data, the extrapolated data is in orange color (white in gray lines).
|
MAIN GROUPS |
FAMILIES |
GENERA |
SPECIES |
NOTES and REFERENCES |
|
|
1. CTENOPHORA |
Tentaculata |
8 (25) |
10 (44) |
11 (178) |
|
|
Nuda |
1 (1) |
1 (2) |
2 (26) |
|
|
|
|
9 (26) |
11 (46) |
13 (205) |
|
|
|
2. PORIFERA |
Calcarea |
9 (23) |
21 (74) |
68 (685) |
|
|
Hexactinellida |
9 (19) |
12 (120) |
17 (689) |
|
|
|
Holoscleromorpha |
2 (2) |
4 (7) |
15 (85) |
|
|
|
Demospongiae |
69 (147) |
180 (831) |
498 (9,417) |
|
|
|
|
89 (191) |
218 (1,032) |
598 (10,876) |
|
|
|
3. PLACOZOA |
Polyplacotomia |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (1) |
Known only from Italy. |
|
Uniplacotomia |
1 (4) |
1 (7) |
1 (22) |
|
|
|
|
1 (5) |
1 (8) |
1 (23) |
|
|
|
4. CNIDARIA |
Hexacorallia |
44 (94) |
99 (528) |
167 (3,146) |
|
|
Octocorallia |
27 (79) |
57 (413) |
106 (2,996) |
|
|
|
Cubozoa |
2 (8) |
2 (18) |
4 (51) |
|
|
|
Hydrozoa |
63 (111) |
174 (487) |
355 (3,643) |
|
|
|
Polypodiozoa |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (1) |
One sp., fish egg-parasitic from Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Canada and U.S.A. |
|
|
Scyphozoa |
13 (19) |
16 (58) |
22 (228) |
|
|
|
Staurozoa |
1 (6) |
2 (11) |
2 (50) |
|
|
|
Myxozoa |
8 (16) |
11 (62) |
110 (2,184) |
|
|
|
|
158 (334) |
361 (1,507) |
766 (12,299) |
|
|
|
5. XENOACOELOMORPHA |
Xenoturbellida |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (6) |
Known only in coasts of Japan (1), Sweden (1), Gulf of California in Mexico (3) and California (1). |
|
Nemertodemartida |
- (2) |
- (6) |
- (9) |
Known only from Swedish west coast, Belgian coast, the east coast of North America, the Adriatic and the Mediterranean seas. |
|
|
Acoela |
7 (16) |
25 (108) |
43 (386) |
|
|
|
|
7 (19) |
25 (115) |
43 (401) |
|
|
|
6. CHAETOGNATHA |
Eukrohniones |
2 (7) |
4 (17) |
7 (▇▇) |
|
|
Spadelliones |
1 (1) |
1 (5) |
1 (▇▇) |
|
|
|
Sagittiones |
1 (4) |
8 (25) |
18 (▇▇) |
|
|
|
|
4 (12) |
13 (47) |
25 (186) |
|
|
|
7. GNATHOSTOMULIDA |
Filospermoidea |
- (2) |
- (3) |
- (28) |
Known elsehere from Europe (7), E U.S.A. (1), Hawaii (4), Caribbean (4), Fiji (4), Sweden (4), Tahiti (1), NE Australia (1), New Zealand (2). |
|
Bursovaginoid./Conophoralia |
1 (1) |
1 (3) |
1 (37) |
|
|
|
Bursovaginoid./Scleroperalia |
1 (9) |
1 (20) |
1 (47) |
|
|
|
|
2 (12) |
2 (26) |
2 (112) |
|
|
|
8. MICROGNATHOZOA |
Micrognathozoa |
1(1) |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
|
|
9. SYNDERMATA |
Seisonida |
- (1) |
- (2) |
- (4) |
Seisonida: 4 parasitic species from Mediterranean region, including the Adriatic Sea, and the European part of the Atlantic, Sea of Okhotsk off the Sakhalin Is., California Antarctic Ocean and Kenya. |
|
Monogononta |
27 (31) |
77 (116) |
585 (1,560) |
|
|
|
Bdelloidea |
3 (4) |
8 (20) |
40 (461) |
|
|
|
Archiacanthocephala |
3 (4) |
6 (18) |
21 (189) |
|
|
|
Palaeacanthocephala |
8 (16) |
16 (106) |
30 (845) |
|
|
|
Eoacanthocephala |
2 (4) |
8 (29) |
20 (225) |
|
|
|
Polyacanthocephala |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
1 (4) |
|
|
|
|
44 (61) |
118 (295) |
697 (3,233) |
|
|
|
10. ORTHONECTIDA |
Orthonectida |
- (2) |
- (5) |
- (26) |
Parasitics; collected at their hosts in nothern Atlantic, Arctic and northern Pacific. |
|
11. DICYEMIDA |
Dicyemida |
- (3) |
- (9) |
- (122) |
PARASITICS. |
|
12. GASTROTRICHA |
Macrodasyda |
5 (9) |
11 (32) |
27 (338) |
|
|
Chaetonida |
4 (8) |
25 (30) |
94 (454) |
|
|
|
|
9 (17) |
37 (62) |
120 (792) |
|
|
|
13. PLATYHELMINTHES |
Catenulida |
3 (5) |
8 (16) |
42 (109) |
|
|
Macrostomida |
3 (3) |
7 (14) |
17 (272) |
|
|
|
Prorhynchida |
1 (1) |
2 (4) |
2 (29) |
|
|
|
Rhabdocoela |
14 (34) |
38 (76) |
89 (1,816) |
|
|
|
Proseriata |
3 (11) |
13 (26) |
24 (473) |
|
|
|
Prolecithophora |
3 (5) |
11 (31) |
27 (188) |
|
|
|
Polycladida |
18 (40) |
39 (78) |
66 (1,025) |
|
|
|
Tricladida |
7 (16) |
32 (64) |
181 (1,789) |
Fecampiidae is syn. of Revertospermata, within Tricladida. |
|
|
Gnosonesimida |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (6) |
6-8 spp.: E U.S.A. (1), Antarctica (1), North Sea and Greenland (2), Mediterranean Sea (1), Cuba (1), and Somalia (1). |
|
|
Bothrioplanida |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
1 (2) |
|
|
|
Haplopharyngida |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (3) |
A single genus known only from North Atlantic and Mediterranean area. |
|
|
Neodermata |
157 (226) |
727 (2,657) |
1,675 (16,744) |
|
|
|
|
211 (344) |
877 (2,969) |
2,095 (22,466) |
|
|
|
14. ENTOPROCTA |
Barentsiidae |
1 (1) |
2 (5) |
5 (25) |
Loxokalypodidae occur only northern Pacific off Canada and New Caledonia. |
|
Loxosomatidae |
1 (1) |
3 (5) |
8 (124) |
||
|
Pedicellinidae |
1 (1) |
2 (4) |
5 (20) |
||
|
Loxokalypodidae |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (2) |
||
|
|
3 (4) |
7 (15) |
18 (169) |
|
|
|
15. CYCLIOPHORA |
Cycliophora |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (3) |
PARASITICS. |
|
16. NEMERTEA |
Palaeonemertea |
3 (6) |
3 (14) |
6 (98) |
Unplaced genera; Arhynchonemertes (New Zealand), Bathynemertes (northern Atlantic, Tristan de Cunha, Cape and Andaman region) and Riserius (Pacific coast of U.S.A.). |
|
Hoplonemertea |
7 (27) |
14 (153) |
35 (642) |
||
|
Heteronemertea |
2 (11) |
8 (80) |
12 (406) |
||
|
|
12 (44) |
25 (247) |
53 (1,146 + 3) |
|
|
|
17. MOLLUSCA |
Gastropoda |
265 (721) |
932 (1,708) |
2,737 (78,818) |
|
|
Bivalvia |
80 (99) |
305 (1,100) |
629 (9,760) |
|
|
|
Monoplacophora |
- (4) |
- (8) |
- (30) |
|
|
|
Cephalopoda |
38 (50) |
65 (146) |
92 (821) |
|
|
|
Scaphopoda |
6 (12) |
20 (40) |
43 (577) |
|
|
|
Aplacophora |
5 (27) |
11 (27) |
16 (438) |
|
|
|
Polyplacophora |
7 (33) |
11 (33) |
35 (1,056) |
|
|
|
|
401 (946) |
1,354 (3,062) |
3,552 (91,500) |
|
|
|
UNPLACED |
3 (3) |
12 (12) |
37 (329) |
|
|
|
Palaeoannelida |
2 (2) |
9 (18) |
15 (127) |
|
|
|
Chaetopteridae |
1 (1) |
4 (8) |
8 (79) |
|
|
|
Amphinomida |
2 (2) |
9 (18) |
17 (221) |
|
|
|
Sipuncula |
6 (6) |
7 (14) |
30 (200) |
|
|
|
Eunicida |
7 (8) |
42 (84) |
174 (1397) |
|
|
|
Phyllodocida |
23 (28) |
176 (566) |
457 (3300) |
|
|
|
Protodriliformia |
4 (4) |
5 (10) |
9 (76) |
|
|
|
Orbiniida |
2 (5) |
10 (20) |
28 (222) |
|
|
|
Cirratuliformia |
6 (13) |
19 (38) |
51 (880) |
|
|
|
Siboglinidae |
1 (1) |
3 (6) |
4 (200) |
|
|
|
Sabellida |
2 (2) |
40 (80) |
77 (1151) |
|
|
|
Sabelariida |
1 (1) |
4 (8) |
13 (135) |
|
|
|
Spionida |
4 (9) |
27 (54) |
97 (649) |
|
|
|
Capitellidae/Echiura |
4 (7) |
32 (64) |
62 (381) |
|
|
|
Scalibregmatidae |
1 (1) |
3 (4) |
10 (110) |
|
|
|
Ophellida |
1 (1) |
10 (20) |
38 (167) |
|
|
|
Arenicollida |
1 (1) |
2 (4) |
3 (273) |
|
|
|
Terebelliformia |
4 (5) |
32 (64) |
62 (114) |
|
|
|
Aeolos./Hrabeiellidae |
1 (2) |
1 (4) |
9 (32) |
|
|
|
Questidae |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
1 (8) |
|
|
|
Clitellata |
22 (55) |
95 (192) |
465 (8292) |
|
|
|
|
99 (158) |
543 (1,298) |
1,668 (20,670) |
|
|
|
19. BRACHYOPODA |
Linguliformea |
2 (2) |
3 (6) |
3 (25) |
Craniiformea is widely worldwide, except tropical Indian Ocean and SW Atlantic, Artic and tripical E Pacific. |
|
Craniiformea |
- (1) |
- (3) |
- (11) |
||
|
Rhynchoneliformea |
5 (28) |
5 (112) |
7 (368) |
||
|
|
7 (31) |
8 (121) |
10 (404) |
|
|
|
20. BRYOZOA |
Plylactolaemata |
4 (7) |
5 (15) |
18 (86) |
|
|
Cyclostomatida |
10 (15) |
13 (62) |
33 (543) |
|
|
|
Ctenostomata |
17 (34) |
21 (61) |
65 (346) |
|
|
|
Cheliostomata |
60 (128) |
135 (547) |
271 (4,921) |
|
|
|
|
91 (184) |
174 (685) |
387 (5,869) |
|
|
|
21. PHORONIDA |
Phoronopsis |
1 (1) |
- (1) |
- (3) |
Phoronopsis occur in Panama, U.S.A., Bermuda, Caribbean and scattered areas in Old World. |
|
Phoronis |
1 (1) |
5 (8) |
|||
|
|
1 (1) |
1 (2) |
5 (11) |
|
|
|
22. LORICIFERA |
Loricifera |
1 (2) |
1 (11) |
1 (47) |
|
|
23. KINORRHYNCHA |
Allomalorhagida |
3 (4) |
4 (15) |
4 (116) |
|
|
Cyclorhagida |
2 (6) |
2 (10) |
4 (199) |
|
|
|
|
5 (10) |
6 (25) |
8 (315) |
|
|
|
24. PRIAPULIDA |
Priapulomorpha |
1 (3) |
1 (5) |
1 (11) |
Order Meiopriapulomorpha, with the single genus Tubiluchus, occur in Caribbean region and on Bermuda, Red Sea, Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Philippines, White Sea, Russia, Vanuatu, south Italy, Canary Islands and Japan. |
|
Meiopriapulomorpha |
- (1) |
- (2) |
- (12) |
||
|
|
1 (4) |
1 (7) |
1 (23) |
|
|
|
25. NEMATOMORPHA |
Nectonematoidea |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
1 (5) |
|
|
Gordioideae |
2 (2) |
5 (20) |
17 (346) |
|
|
|
|
3 (3) |
7 (21) |
17 (351) |
|
|
|
26. NEMATODA |
Enoplea |
11 (32) |
35 (233) |
67 (2,082) |
|
|
Dorylaimea |
5 (41) |
19 (486) |
90 (4,592) |
|
|
|
Chromadorea |
89 (194) |
163 (2,153) |
1,272 (18,369) |
|
|
|
|
105 (267) |
217 (2,872) |
1,429 (25,043) |
|
|
|
27. TARDIGRADA |
Mesotardigrada |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (1) |
Mesotardigrada, was established based on one sp. from a Japanese hot spring, however, the type material was lost, so Mesotardi-grada is considered nomen dubium. |
|
Eutardigrada |
7 (11) |
20 (56) |
43 (444) |
||
|
Heterotardigrada |
10 (12) |
29 (63) |
57 (712) |
||
|
|
17 (24) |
49 (120) |
100 (1,157) |
|
|
|
28. ONYCHOPHORA |
Peripatidae |
1 (1) |
4 (10) |
29 (92) |
Peripatopsidae occur in SW and E Australia (32 endemic genera), C Chile (2), South Africa (2), New Zealand (1), one only in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and one in both Australia and New Zealand. |
|
Peripatopsidae |
- (1) |
- (41) |
- (140) |
||
|
|
1 (2) |
5 (51) |
29 (232) |
|
|
|
29. ARTHROPODA |
Pycnogonyda |
12 (12) |
20 (77) |
65 (1,346) |
|
|
Aracnida |
393 (783) |
2,195 (12,527) |
9,070 (120,613) |
Arachnida here accepted including the Merostomata as an order (SEE). |
|
|
Chilopoda |
12 (18) |
30 (339) |
134 (3,110) |
|
|
|
Pauropoda |
3 (9) |
6 (41) |
50 (784) |
|
|
|
Symphyla |
2 (2) |
4 (14) |
12 (197) |
|
|
|
Diplopoda |
22 (147) |
162 (1,868) |
541 (7,753) |
|
|
|
Ostracoda |
39 (54) |
147 (798) |
365 (7,577) |
|
|
|
Mystacocaridida |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
3 (13) |
|
|
|
Ichthyostraca |
8 (5) |
14 (29) |
46 (304) |
Argulloidea + Pentastomida |
|
|
Hexanauplia |
97 (297) |
331 (2,320) |
929 (17,333) |
|
|
|
Branchiopoda |
16 (32) |
51 (142) |
140 (1,185) |
|
|
|
Remipedia |
- (8) |
- (12) |
- (28) |
|
|
|
Cephalocarida |
1 (1) |
2 (5) |
2 (12) |
|
|
|
Malacostraca |
260 (605) |
815(6,214) |
1,871 (40,462) |
|
|
|
Collembola |
21 (33) |
118 (763) |
457 (8,130) |
|
|
|
Diplura |
4 (10) |
11 (141) |
31 (1,008) |
|
|
|
Protura |
2 (7) |
9 (72) |
26 (748) |
|
|
|
Insecta |
684 (1,209) |
15,716 (89,280) |
91,150 (1,057,040) |
|
|
|
|
1,577 (3,233) |
19,632 (114,644) |
104,892 (1,267,643) |
|
|
|
30. HEMICHORDATA |
Enteropneusta |
2 (4) |
5 (23) |
6 (106) |
Rhabdopleurida includes 5 spp., widely worldwide, absent, however, in Brazil. |
|
Cephalodisca |
1(1) |
1(1) |
1(19) |
||
|
Rhabdopleurida |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (5) |
||
|
|
3 (6) |
6 (25) |
8 (130) |
|
|
|
31. ECHINODERMATA |
Crinoideae |
7 (32) |
7 (32) |
17 (700) |
|
|
Holothuroideae |
12 (26) |
27 (54) |
49 (1,714) |
|
|
|
Echinoideae |
17 (63) |
30 (63) |
52 (1,006) |
|
|
|
Ophiuroideae |
14 (16) |
53 (207) |
157 (2,074) |
|
|
|
Asteroideae |
22 (39) |
43 (332) |
77 (1,854) |
|
|
|
|
71 (176) |
163 (688) |
347 (7,348) |
|
|
|
32. CEPHALOCHORDATA |
Branchiostoma |
1 (1) |
1 (1) |
3 (28) |
|
|
Asymmetron |
- (1) |
- (1) |
A single species, A. lucayanum, know from N Indian, Pacific, and from Bermudas to Yucatan and Lesser Antilles. |
||
|
Epigonichthys |
- (1) |
- (1) |
Pacific, northern Indian Ocean, Gulf of Mexico. |
||
|
|
1 (1) |
1 (3) |
3 (30) |
|
|
|
33. TUNICATA |
Appendicularia |
3 (3) |
10 (15) |
35 (77) |
|
|
Ascidiaceae |
19 (30) |
55 (171) |
172 (3,068) |
|
|
|
|
22 (33) |
65 (211) |
207 (3,145) |
|
|
|
34. CRANIATA |
Myxine |
1 (1) |
3 (6) |
5 (90) |
|
|
Petromyzonti |
- (3) |
- (10) |
- (48) |
|
|
|
Elasmobranchii |
42(65) |
79 (212) |
184 (1,437) |
|
|
|
Holocephali |
3 (3) |
4 (6) |
4 (60) |
|
|
|
Cladistia |
- (1) |
- (2) |
- (14) |
Known only from Africa. |
|
|
Actinopteri |
237 (535) |
1,245 (5,048) |
4,792 (35,346) |
|
|
|
Coelacanthi |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (2) |
|
|
|
Dipneustii |
1 (3) |
1 (3) |
1 (6) |
|
|
|
Amphibia |
25 (74) |
118 (558) |
1,253 (8,642) |
|
|
|
Rhynchocephalia |
- (1) |
- (1) |
- (1) |
Known only from New Zealand. |
|
|
Squamata |
24 (67) |
169 (1,157) |
789 (11,469) |
|
|
|
Testudines |
8 (14) |
17 (95) |
35 (364) |
|
|
|
Crocodilia |
1 (3) |
3 (9) |
7 (28) |
|
|
|
Aves |
80 (249) |
646 (2,302) |
1,679 (10,824) |
|
|
|
Mammals |
51 (167) |
247 (1,343) |
778 (6,554) |
|
|
|
|
473 (1,187) |
2,533 (10,753) |
9,514 (74,885) |
|
|
|
EXCEPT CRANIATA AND ARTHROPODA |
1,372 (2,924) |
4,279 (15,587) |
12,184 (208,338) |
|
|
|
TOTAL |
3,422 (7,344) |
26,444 (140,984) |
126,590 (1,550,866) |
|
|
This table will always be modified and updated when more accurate and viable data becomes available - and unfortunately many more recent works, which could distort the stability of the data, have been omitted. It should be noted that the numbers used in this blog and, therefore, in the table, are based on checklists, some of them old, manual counts subject to errors and estimates that are not so precise. Thus, the numbers posted do not include many new species, but it is, within the scope of this research, the most detailed numbers that could be obtained.
ABSENT LINEAGES
Brazilian 26 canonic absent lineages: 1. Polyplacotomia, 2. Polypodiozoa, 3. Xenoturbellida, 4. Nemertodermatida, 5. Filospermoidea, 6. Seisonida, 7. Orthonectida, 8. Dicyemida, 9. Haplopharyngida, 10. Gnosonesimida, 11. Loxokalypodida, 12. Cycliophora, 13. Monoplacophora, 14. Craniiformea, 15. Phoronopsis, 16. Meiopriapulomorpha, 17. Mesotardigrada, 18. Peripatopsidae, 19. Remipedia, 20. Rhabdopleurida, 21. Epigonichthys, 22. Asymmetron, 23.Petromyzontii, 24. Cladistia, 25. Coelacantha, and 26. Rhynchocephalia.
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PROBLEMS, DIFFICULTIES AND LIMITATIONS
This work above mentioned suffers from many limitations, including the difficulty of obtaining accurate references, the need for manual counting and data processing in long lists, the divergence between taxon classification and definition systems and the lack of access to many databases. The numbers contacted are preferably taken from listings of a given group in a given region. The distortion in some numbers reflects a work that can present many inconsistencies, especially in a national total under a given reference and a world total in a much more recent reference - or vice versa.
NUMBER KEYS
(3:4/)5 spp., for example, indicates a group 5 spp. inside 4 genera within 3 families.
1. CTENOPHORA ▸ 205 spp. worldwide (WORMS) in two groups: Tentaculata (170 spp. in 44 genera within 25 families - CL-ITIS/2014) and Nuda (1:2/26 spp.), 13 in Brazilian coasts, by Oliveira, O. M. P. et al. (Biota Neotropica, 2007), in (9:)11 genera within 5 orders, in both divisions of this phylum; Oliveira et al. (Zootaxa, 2016) lists 20 ctenophores in waters of South America in 11 families; only the order Ganeshida, Cambojiida and Cryptolobiferida (this from SE Asia) in Ctenophora does not occur in South America. Mexico includes 33 Ctenophora (SEE).
South American families Thalassocalycidae (unique in order Thalassocalycida in continent) and Mertensiidae does not occur in Brazil - they take place in waters of Chile and Argentina.
2. PORIFERA ▸ 10,876 spp. in 4 classes (Zhang, 2011; Wikipedia).
Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera (Museu Nacional, Guilherme Muricy et al., 2011) recognizes 443 species in 81 families in Brazil, in the 4 classes mentioned in Zhang (2013). 53 are freshwater, some endemics, and 390 marine. By clade:
Demospongiae (excluding Homoscleromorpha) ‣ Brazil has 373 spp. in 62 families; by CFTB, Brazil has (69:180/)498 spp. Mexico includes 517 spp. of Demospongiae (SEE).
All freshwater sponges belongs Spongillida clade of Demospongiae, (6:45/)219 spp. by Balian (2008), or 268 in Rasbold et al. (Front. Ecol. Evol., 2023), and all six families are fully freshwater. In the Neotropics, the most rich region of this sponges, freshwater sponges are (3:23/)65 spp. by Balian (2008), or 77 in Rasbold et al. (2023), in Potamolepidae (Africa, South America, New Caledonia, Fiji, 3/11 in this region; for this family, see Copeland et al, Zootaxa, 2015), Spongillidae (14/35 in this region) and Metaniidae (5/17 in this region).
Neotropical zoogeographic region has the highest species richness with 77 species from 3 families (Spongillidae, Metaniidae, and Potamolepidae), followed by the Palearctic (59) and Afrotropics (49), in Rasbold et al. (2023).
The three freshwater sponge families without one in South America are Lubomirskiidae (10, endemics to Lake Baikal), Metschnikowiidae (a single species from Caspian Lake) and Malawispongiidae (6, Tanganyika, Malawi, Ohrid in southern Europe, Kinneret in Israel, and Poso in Sulawesi).
Calcarea ‣ Brazil has (9:)47 spp.; by CFTB Brazil has (9:21/)68 spp.
Hexactinellida ‣ Brazil has (9:)16 spp.; by CFTB Brazil has (9:12/)17 spp.
Homoscleromorpha ‣ (2:7/)87 spp. worldwide, formerly in Demonspongiae; (3/)7 spp. of Plakinidae in Brazil; by CFTB are (1:3/)14 spp. However, Oscarellidae is cited by Brazil in Moraes (BOOK, 2011, pg. 63), and accepted here with at least a single species.
3. PLACOZOA ▸ the most recent phylogenetic analysis of Placozoa, by Tessler et al. (Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2022), recognizes two groups: the class Polyplacotomia (a single species) and Uniplacotomia (22 spp. in 7 genera at 4 families; one family and 4 genera unnamed). Of these 23 spp., only 4 are described (SEE): Trichoplax adhaerens Schulze, 1883 (ameboid, widely distributed in coastal areas, unique species in Brazil), Hoilungia hongkongensis Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018 (ameboid, known of collection a mangrove area in Hong Kong - Eitel et al, Plos Biology, 2018), Cladtertia collaboinventa Tessler et al., 2022 (known from aquarium waters), and Polyplacotoma mediterranea Osigus et al., 2019 (ramified, known only Alassio, Italy, Osigus & Schierwater, Current Biolgy, 2019) - the two firsts indistingible by morphological features (Scientific American). For a map of all collections of Trichoplax, see Eitel et al. (Plos One, 2013). For a their first record in Brazil, see Morandino et al. (Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2006).
4. CNIDARIA ▸ for classification, see Wikipedia (W) and Zhang (Zootaxa, 2007). (334:1,507/)12,299 spp. in eight subgroups. Here we accept Octocorallia (former Alcyonaceae, Pennatulacea, Helioporacea) and Hexacorallia (six orders) as distinct classes in Cnidaria to the detriment of the broad circumscription of Anthozoa (McFadden et al., Bulletin of the SSB, 2022), including the complete reformulation of the first group.
A checklist of all Medusozoa from Brazil follows Marques, A. C. et al. (Biota Neotropica, 2003), with (82:205/)377 spp., being 348 species of hydrozoans, 22 scyphozoans, 3 cubozoans and 1 staurozoan. Oliveira et al. (Zootaxa, 2016) lists 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores in marine waters of South America. Morandini et al. (Iheringia, 2005) updates Scyphozoans and Cubozoans, with 22 and 4 spp., respectively. For status of all medusae worldwide, see Jankowski (Hydrobiologia, 2001). 769 spp. occur in Brazil. Mexico has 289 spp. in Cubozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa (Conabio vol. 85, 2014).
Balian (2008) cites fewer 40 Cnidaria occur inland waters: (1): the common Hydra, a group of secondarily simple, solitary polyps without medusae; (2) Cordylophorinae, an anthoathecate group that contains freshwater colonial hydroids (Cordylophora and Pachycordyle); (3) freshwater medusae, e.g., Craspedacusta and Limnocnida, which have simple polyp stages that lack tentacles; and (4) Polypodium, an unusual parasite of fish eggs recently assigned to its own class, Polypodiozoa. Deserti et al. (Revista de Biologia Tropical, 2023) cites only six genera: he cosmopolitan Hydra, the colonial Cordylophora and Pachycordyle, the medusae Craspedacusta and Limnocnida and the little polyp Calpasoma. Besides diverging into Calpasoma and Polypodium, neither of the two references lists Velkovrhia enigmatica Matjasic & Sket, 1971, endemic to the Dinarides in the Balkan Peninsula, where it has been known from five caves in Slovenia (3), Croatia (1) and Bosnia (1), by Magmajster (Natura Sloveniae, 2003), from the family Bougainvilliidae.
In Neotropical region, six spp. of Hydrzoa in freshwaters are known (Deserti et al., 2023): Calpasoma dactylopterum Fuhrmann, 1939 (Olindiidae, SE Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay), Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, 1880 (Olindiidae, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Panama, Belize and Costa Rica), Cordylophora caspia Pallas, 1771 (Cordylophoridae, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, SE Brazil, N Colombia and E Mexico), and 11 spp. of Hydra, mainly in Argentina (4), Brazil (4, 3 endemic), Mexico (4, possibly only one endemic), Chile (4, 1 endemic) and Paraguay (4, 1 endemic).
4.1 Class Octocorallia ‣ two orders, c. (79:413/)2,996 spp. worldwide (McFadden et al., Bulletin of the SSB, 2022). (27:57/)106 spp. in Brazil.
Scleralcyonacea ‣ 35 families. (13:29/)48 spp. in Brazil (Neves, Thesis, 2010, circunscription of McFadden et al., Bulletin of the SSB, 2022).
Malacalcyonacea ‣ 44 families. (14:28/)58 spp. in Brazil (Neves, Thesis, 2010, circunscription of McFadden et al., Bulletin of the SSB, 2022).
4.2 Class Hexacorallia ‣ six orders, c. (94:528/)3,146 spp. worldwide (Daly et al., Zootaxa, 2007). (44:99/)167 spp. in Brazil.
order Ceriantharia ‣ by Sérgio N. Stampar et al. (ZooKeys, 2020), 54 spp. of this animals occur worldwide, in three families: Botrucnidiferidae (2/4), Arachnactidae (2/9), and Cerianthidae (4/41), the two lasts in Brazil ((4/)5 spp., two endemics at Cerianthidae). South America has all five Brazilian species plus a Botrucnidiferidae (Botruanthus benedeni) from Galapagos, also in California and Baja California.
order Actiniaria ‣ (46:216/)1,200 spp. worldwide (Daly, 2007); by Targino (Thesis, 2018), Brazil has (16:30/)46 spp., 10 endemics to country, in both suborders.
order Antipathari ‣ (7:40/)c. 235 spp. (Daly, 2007); by Liola (Bulletin of Marine Science, 2007), are (7/)18 spp. in Brazil, in three families: Antipathidae, Myriopathidae, and Schizopathidae.
order Corallimorpharia ‣ (4:8/)24 spp. worldwide (Daly, 2007); by Almeida (Thesis, 2013), Brazil has only four species in this group: Discosoma carlgreni Watzl, 1922 (ES, BA), D. sanctithomae Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 (BA), Corynactis sp. (RJ to RS) and Pseudocorynactis sp. (RJ to SP), in Corallimorphidae and Discosomidae.
order Scleractinia ‣ c. 1,200 spp. worldwide in 27 families (c. 230 genera) by Zhang (2013). A group with little systematized information on Brazilian diversity: 77 are placed in Kitahara (Bulletin of Marine Society, 2007), being 59 azooxanthllate (in nine families and 39 genera) and 18 zooxanthellate (in 10 genera of 8 families), by Capel (Thesis, 2012).
order Zoanthidea ‣ two orders and (7:17/)c. 170 spp. in this group by Zhang (2013). In Brazil occur both orders and (4:6/)17 spp., by Alves Santos (Marine Biodiversity, 2015). For details of Isaurus tuberculatus Gray, 1828 in Brazil, see Lima et al. (CheckList, 2022).
4.3 Class Cubozoa ‣ box jellyfish or sea wasps, marine: (8:18/)51 spp. worldwide (Worms). 5 in South America, all in Brazil, in two families.
4.4 Class Hydrozoa ‣ hydroids, hydra-like animals. (111:487/)c. 3,643 spp. worldwide (Daly et al., Zootaxa, 2007, also World Hydrozoa Database). (63:173/)348 spp. in marine environment in Brazil plus (3:4/)7 in freshwaters. This class includes Dendrogramma Just, Kristensen, & Olesen, 2014 (SEE), an enigmatic animal from coasts of southern Australia that has even been speculated to belong to his own phylum (O´Hara et al, Current Biology Magazine, 2016).
■ endemic families in New World: Tottonophyidae (1/1, Siphonophora, U.S.A).
4.5 Class Polypodiozoa ‣ only one egg-parasitic species, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, 1885, from Russia, Romania, Kazakhstan, Moldavia, Ukraine, China (only Lake Khanka), Iran, and North America (Raikova, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2002).
4.6 Class Scyphozoa ‣ true jellyfish: (19:58/)228 spp. worldwide. (13:16/)22 spp. in Brazilian coast. Only one family in South America does not occur in Brazil: Phacellophoridae, with one species from Pacific and Argentinian coasts.
4.7 Class Myxozoa ‣ for a complete taxonomy, see Lom, Dyková (Folia Parasitologica, 2006), which lists (16:62)2,164 spp.; Vidal (Thesis, 2017) lists (15:36/)495 spp. in New World. In South America are (25/)157 spp. within 11 families of two orders, with 49 Henneguya, 45 Myxolobus and 11 Myxidium - remaining 52 spp. in 22 genera. Only three of South American species are present in two countries: Alatospora merluccii Kalavati, Longshae e Mackenzie, 1995 (Chile and Argentina), Myxodavisia newfoundlandia Zhao, Zhou, Kent e Whipps, 2008 (Canada and Argentina) and Myxobolus inaequus Kent e Hoffman, 1984 (Guyana and Suriname). By this source, Brazil no has the genera Palliatus, Sphaeromyxa, Sinuolinea, Myxoproteus, Myxodavisia, Bipteria, Parvicapsula (possibly), Myxobiliatus, Zschokkella, Auerbachia, Agarella, Renispora, Pseudolantospora and Alantospora, and the South American families Alatosporidae, Coccomyxidae and Myxobilatidae - however, members of the last family was collected in Pará state in N Brazil (Santos et al., Parasitology Research, 2018); 110 (+1) occur in Brazil (29 in São Paulo, 27 in Pará (+1), 4 in Piauí state and 17 in Mato Grosso do Sul state) in 12(+1) genera, 48 in Henneguya and 41 in Myxobolus. Myxozoa is likely absent in Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, and has only 37 spp. in Mexico (Alama-Bermejo, Scientific Reports, 2023).
4.8 Class Staurozoa ‣ group with (6:11/)50 spp. Only two Staurozoa occur in Brazil, Kishinouyea corbini Larson, 1980 (Grohmann PA et al., Species Diversity, 1999) and Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren, 1938 (Miranda LS et al., Zootaxa, 2012), both from Kishinouyeidae. For some information on them, including checklists and a map of all records of these animals, see Miranda et al. (Mar. Biodiv., 2017); in Neotropics this class occur only in Mexico (3, SEE), Puerto Rico, Brazil, Argentina and Chile (the third species of South America, Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 from Haliclystidae, absent in Brazil).
XENOACOELOMORPHA
5. XENOACOELOMORPHA ▸ three clades with (19:115/)407 spp. worldwide:
5.1 Xenoturbellida ▸ six worms in the single genus Xenoturbella (Wikipedia): four from coasts of California (1) and Gulf of California (3, NW Mexico) in Pacific Ocean (Rouse et al., Nature, 2016), one from coast of Japan (Nakano et al., BMC Evol Biol., 2017), and, by same reference, the type species, from waters of Sweden. Absent in Brazil.
5.2 Nemertodermatida ‣ absent in Brazil. (2:6/)15 spp. (Wikipedia), known only from a few distinct sampling spots only: Sweden, Norway, Canarias Is., Belgic, the east coast of North America, Bermudas, Adriatic and the Mediterranean seas, New Guinea, Australia (Queesland) and New Zealand (Sterrer, Belg. J. Zool., 1998).
5.3 Acoela ‣ (16:108/)386 spp. (Zhang/Acoelomorpha); for a checklist of all 36 spp. of Acoela in at date in Brazil (in 25 genera, number of families unknown; all unfortunately collected only in São Paulo state), see Braccini, J.A.L., Amaral, S.V. and Leal-Zanchet, A.M. (Braz. J. Biol., 2016). Hoode et al. (Zootaxa, 2006) describes more 7 spp. for Brazil, and cites six valid families for country. Thus, here accepted 43 spp. in 25 genera of six families in Brazil. Only two are freshwaters: Limonoposthia polonica Kolasa et Faubel, 1974 and Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Dörjes, 1966 (Wikipedia).
GNATHIFERA
6. CHAETOGNATHA ▸ (12:47/)186 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia). Brazil has (13/)25 spp. (Vega-Pérez & Schinke, Biota Neotropica, 2011) within Pterosagittidae (1/1), Krohnittidae (3/5), Spadellidae (1/1) and Sagittidae (8/18). The checklist of world Sagittidae is in A.P. Kassatkina (Zoosyst. Rossica, 2007). Arruda et al. (Checklist, 2010) shows a new record of a species in Brazilian Coast.
■ endemic families in New World: Bathybelidae (1/1, U.S.A).
7. GNATHOSTOMULIDA ▸ (12:26/)112 spp. within two orders based on Sørensen and Sterrer (BOOK, 2022) plus at least two spp. from Antarctica (Sterrer et al., Diversity, 2022). Sterrer (Book, 1997) cites records of Gnathostomula axi Kirsteuer off coast of Venezuela in South America, and this phyllum is absent in Mexico. Other works includes Gnathostomulda from New Zealand (Sterrer, Zootaxa, 2006), Gulf of Mexico (Sørensen and Sterrer, Chapter 26, 2005), Australia and Papua New Guinea (Sterrer, free papper, 2001) and Caribbean (free paper, 1998).
Based on the references above, the most accurate we can intuit the global diversity of Gnathostomulida is: NE Pacific (1/1), W U.S.A. (1/1), Galapagos (5/5), Belize (3/3), Panama (2/2), E U.S.A. and Florida (13/13), Bermuda (2/2), Caribbean (6/8), Venezuela (1/1), Barbados (1/1), Bahamas (2/2), NW Atlantic (2/12), Canary Is. (5/6), N Ireland (1/1), Barents (1/1), W Europe (2/8), Meditteranean (1/1), Sweden (2/5), Denmark (2/2), Adriatic (4/4), Red Sea (3/5), Maldives (1/1), South Africa (1/1), Madagascar (1/1), Mauritius (1/1), Reunion (1/1), Hong Kong (2/2), Thailand (1/1), Papua New Guinea (2/2), NE Australia (11/17), New Caledonia (1/1), New Zealand (5/12), Tahiti (4/4), Fiji (10/16), Hawaii (3/8), Antartida (2/2).
Apart from the references above, here we include two records of Gnathostomulida in Brazil: Gnathostomula sp. and Austrognathia sp., both cited for Baia de Araçá, São Paulo (Amaral et al., Biota Fapesp-Araçá, 2018), both undescribed. Two high groups in this phyllum:
Filospermoidea ‣ (2:3/)28 spp.
Haplognathiidae (1/10) ‣ a single genus, Haplognathia (10): Europe (7), E U.S.A. (1), Hawaii (2).
Pterognathiidae ‣ (2/)18 spp. in Cosmognathia (4): Caribbean (1), Fiji (2), Hawaii (1); and Pterognathia (14): Sweden (4), Caribbean (3), Tahiti (1), Fiji (2), Hawaii (1), NE Australia (1) and New Zealand (2).
Bursovaginoidea ‣ (10:23/)84 spp. in two high groups:.
CONOPHORALIAAustrognathiidae ‣ (3/)37 spp. in Austrognatharia (19): Red Sea and Fiji two each, Galapagos, Bermuda Caribbean, Barbados, Canary Is., Adriatic, South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Hong Kong, Thailand, NE Australia, New Zealand and Tahiti one each; Austrognathia (16): Red Sea, NW Atlantic and Fiji two each, Galapagos, Florida, Bahamas, Caribbean, N Ireland, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Taihiti one each; and Triplignathia (2): one in Croatia, another in North Carolina, U.S.A. One undescribed species in Brazil.SCLEROPERALIAAgnathiellidae ‣ 3 spp. in Agnathiella (2, one in Florida Keys, one in Lizard Is. in Australia, Fiji and New Caledonia one each) and Paragnathiella (1, Canary Is.).
Clausognathiidae ‣ a single species from Belize and Panamá.
Gnathostomariidae ‣ a single spp. from Mediterranean region and North Carolina in U.S.A.
Gnathostomulidae ‣ (5/)24 spp. in Chirognathia (1, Vancouver region and California), Corculognathia (1, Galapagos), Gnathostomula (19, NW Atlantic (6), Fiji (2), NE Pacific, Galapagos, Bahamas, Caribbean, W Europe, Adriatic, Barents, Red Sea, Maldives, Tahiti, New Zealand one each), Ratugnathia (1, Fiji) and Semaeognathia (1, North Carolina and Florida Keys, U.S.A.). One undescribed species in Brazil.
Mesognathariidae ‣ (3/)6 spp. in Labidognathia (1, Canary Is., Caribbean, Australia), Mesognatharia (3, Sweden, Bahamas, Georgia and North Carolina, U.S.A.) and Tenuignathia (2, one in Florida, North Carolina, Bermuda (SEE), one in Fiji).
Onychognathiidae ‣ (5/)9 spp. in Goannagnathia (1, N Papua New Guinea to NW Australia until Brisbane), Nanognathia (1, North Carolina and Florida Keys, U.S.A.), Onychognathia (3, North Carolina and Florida Keys, U.S.A., Belize, Panamá, Galapagos), Valvognathia (1, Zealand, Denmark), Vampyrognathia (3, North Carolina and Florida Keys, U.S.A., one each one in NW Australia).
Paucidentulidae ‣ a single spp. from Belize.
Problognathiidae ‣ a single spp. from Bermuda.
Rastrognathiidae ‣ a single spp. from Zealand, Denmark.
■ endemic families in New World: Paucidentulidae (1/1, Belize), Problognathiidae (1/1, Bermuda).
8. MICROGNATHOZOA ▸ only one sp., Limnognathia maerski Kristensen & Funch (Wikipedia), discovered in 1994 at Disko Island, Greenland, but not described before 2000, and it has subsequently been reported from the Sub Antarctic Crozet Island (SEE), in a stream from southern Wales, United Kingdom, in the river Lambourn (Berkshire), United Kingdom (Bekkouche et al., Frontiers in Zoology, 2014), Bassa Nera pond in Pyrenees from NE Spain (Giribet, G. et al., Current Biology, 2023) and SE Brazil, identified in the country only through eDNA metabarcoding of samples collected from the Rio Doce estuary, in Espírito Santo state, in 2018. This record has not been formally published or accepted in national checklists, but it is already considered valid here (Coppo, G. et al., Peerj, 2023).
9. SYNDERMATA ▸ apart from the traditional classification that separates Rotifera and Acanthocephala into two phyla, here we take them as one entity, called Syndermata, following modern results such as Laumer CE et al. (Proc. R. Soc. B., 2019) and Giribet et al. (BOOK, 2023). Syndermata includes has 7 basic lineages (all assignated as classes). For data from all four former Acanthocephala lineages in America Latina (26:157/1,298), see Amin (Folia Parasitologica, 2013). For Brazilian former Acanthocephala (14:34/72), see CTFB/Acanthocephala.
Eurotatoria (Monogononta + Bdelloidea) is large, with about 1,570 valid species of Monogononta and 461 Bdelloidea recognized worldwide, and, from the Neotropics, 566 monogononts and 116 bdelloids (Segers, Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008); by this work, 69 monogononts, one bdelloid and the all Seisonida are exclusively marine, and all remainig are freshwater or brackish water (182 spp. occur in sea environments, SEE). (162/)2,034 spp. in this clade by Zhang (Zootaxa, 2013). Best link for this group: Rotifer World Catalogue (RWC). Checklist of all Rotifera: Fada Biodiversity. Mexico has (27:75/)402 spp. of Eurotatoria (Sarma, MDPI, 2021).
Seisonida ‣ class Pararotatoria, 4 spp. in Seison and Paraseison, parasiting Nebalia (Malacostraca/Leptostraca), known from Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Balearic Archipelago and along the Atlantic coast of France, Sea of Okhotsk, NW Pacific (but the identity of this species is questionable), Gazi Bay in Kenya, and reports of species of Seisonacea are limited to records of unidentified specimens from Chile and California - Francesca Leasi et al., J.M.B.A.U.K., 2012).
Monogononta ‣ 1,570 spp. worldwide. Garraffoni and Lourenço (Checklist, 2012) lists (76/)585 spp. in Brazil, among 27 of 30 families assignated in Zhang (2013); exceptions are Birgeidae (1/1, endemic to E North America, Balian, 2008), Clariaidae (1/1, Vietnam, see Systematics Rotifera, pg. 265, and see also Rotifera Hausdernatur) and Cotylegaleatidae (1/2, Belgium and Turkey one endemic each, see De Smet & Bozkurt, Zootaxa, 2016), all in order Ploima.
Bdelloidea ‣ 461 spp. worldwide. Garraffoni and Lourenço (Checklist, 2012) lists (8/)40 spp. in Brazil, among 3 of 5 families of Bdelloideae (8 genera and 40 spp. by Zhang, 2013); the exception are Philodinavidae (New Zealand, Europe, North America, Sumatra, South Africa, South America, Hawaii, Ricci & Melone at Hydrobiologia, 1998) and Coronistomidae (endemic to U.S.A., Örstan, Zootaxa, 2021).
Archiacanthocephala ‣ (4:18/)189 spp., (3:6/)21 in Brazil: Gigantorhynchidae (1/2), Moniliformidae (1/3) and Oligacanthorhynchidae (4/14).
Eoacanthocephala ‣ (4:29/)225 spp., (2:8/)20 in Brazil: Quadrigyridae (3/6) and Neoechinorhynchidae (5/14).
Palaeacanthocephala ‣ (16:106/)845 spp., (8:19/)30 in Brazil: Cavisomidae (2/2), Diplosentidae (3/3), Echinorhynchidae (4/10), Illiosentidae (1/1), Rhadinorhynchidae (2/3), Centrorhynchidae (1/3), Plagiorhynchidae (1/1) and Polymorphidae (5/7).
Polyacanthocephala ‣ (1:1/)4 spp., only one in Brazil.
Following Amin (UNAM, 2000), several genera in former Acanthocephala in America Latina does not occur in Brazil, namely in Archiacanthocephala: Apororhynchus (Brazil?), Gigantorhynchus (Brazil?, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela), Neoncicola (Brazil?, Puerto Rico, Venezuela); Palaeacanthocephala: Neoacanthocephaloides (Puerto Rico), Caballerorhynchus (Mexico), Megapriapus (Venezuela), Pseudocavisoma (Puerto Rico), Hypoechinorhynchus (Argentina), Tegorhynchus (Juan Fernandez, Puerto Rico), Pomphorhynchus (Argentina, Chile, Mexico), Gorgorhynchoides (Curazao, Mexico), Pseudoleptorhynchoides (Mexico), Rhadinorhynchoides (Brazil?, Curazao, Galapagos), Plagiorhynchus (Mexico, Brazil?); Eoacanthocephala: Acanthogyrus (Puerto Rico, T.Tobago), Deltacanthus (Venezuela), Pandosentis (Venezuela), Woffiugelia (Uruguay). Arythmacanthidae remains the unique family in South America absents in Brazil.
■ endemic families in New World: Coronistomidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
PLATYTROCHOZOA
10. ORTHONECTIDA ▸ (2:5/)24 spp. of parasites of marine invertebrates, mainly in Mollusca, flatworms, acoela and annelids, collected at their hosts in Atlantic coast of Europe, Arctic and northern Pacific (Wikipedia). None record in Brazil.
Maximum likelihood analyses placed the Dicyemida + Orthonectida clade within the Gastrotricha, while in Bayesian inference analyses, this clade is sister group to the clade of Gastrotricha + Platyhelminthes (Tsai-Ming Lu et al., Zoological Letters, 2017).
RHOPALURIDAE ▸ 4 genera, Stoecharthrum (4, two in NW France, two in NW U.S.A.), Ciliocincta (3, NW France, NW U.S.A. and Hokkaido, Japan, one each), Intoshia (6, NW France, open sea in Artic, Kola Peninsula in Russia) and Rhopalura (10, Meditteranean, Arctic, coast of Europe), based on Kozloff (Cah. Biol. Mar, 1992), Kozloff (Cah. Biol. Mar., 1993), and Slyusarev & Manilov (Cah. Biol. Mar, 2021).
Ciliocincta: C. akkeshiensis (Hokkaido, Japan, in flatworms Turbellaria), C. julini (Roscoff, France, in polychaetes) and C. sabellariae (San Juan Islands, WA, U.S.A., in polychaete Neosabellaria cementarium).Intoshia: I. leptoplanae (NW France, in flatworms Leptoplana), I. linei (N France, in nemertines Lineus), I. metchnikovi (NW France, in polychaetes and nemertines), I. paraphanostomae (Sacandinavian waters, in flatworms Acoela), and I. variabili (White Sea, Rusia, in flatworms Macrorhynchus)
Rhopalura: R. elongata (Murmansk, Russia, in bivalves), R. granosa (SW England, in bivalves), R. intoshi (Messina, Italy, in nemertines), R. litoralis (Murmansk, Russia, in gastropods), R. major (Murmansk, Russia, in gastropods), R. murmanica (Murmansk, Russia, in gastropods), R. ophiocomae (France at Wimereux, Roscoff, Dinard, and Sète (Cette); in Great Britain at Roly Island (Northumberland), Wembury (Devonshire), and the Isle of Man; in Italy at Napoli and La Spezia; in the United States on San Juan Island in Washington; and Point Pinos in California), R. pelseneeri (NW France, polychaetes and nemertines), R. philinae (Sweden, in gastropods), R. pterocirri (NW France, in polychaetes), R. vermiculicola (NW France, in nemertines).
Stoecharthrum: S. burresoni (Washington, U.S.A., in ascidians), S. fosterae (Washington, U.S.A., in bivalves), S. giardi (France, in polychaetes) and S. monnati (France, in bivalves).
PELMATOSPHAERIDAE ▸ a single genus and species, Pelmatosphaera polycirri Caullery and Mesnil, 1904 from NW France, collected in polychaetes and nemertines, known also from UK (S. E. Ferriss et al., Irish Biodiversity, 2009).
11. DICYEMIDA ▸ (3:9/)122 spp. of tiny parasites that live in the renal appendages of cephalopods (Wiki). Never collected among Brazilian Cephalopods.
Maximum likelihood analyses placed the Dicyemida + Orthonectida clade within the Gastrotricha, while in Bayesian inference analyses, this clade is sister group to the clade of Gastrotricha + Platyhelminthes (Tsai-Ming Lu et al., Zoological Letters, 2017).
Conocyemidae (2/2) - endemic to Atlantic coast of France, known also from UK (S. E. Ferriss et al., Irish Biodiversity, 2009), and and Italy and Monaco (Furuya &Souidenne, HPDC, 2019).
Dicyemidae (6/119) - widely worldwide, 108 in Catalano (Zootaxa, 2012): Dicyema (61), Dicyemmenea (40), Dicyemodeca (3), Dodecadicyema (1, endemic to India), Pleodicyema (1, endemic to Spain) and Pseudicyemma (3), collected at Cephalopods captured in coasts of U.S.A. (2/21, 16 in Pacific, 1 in Alaska, 4 in SE coast), Mexico (1/2, one in each coast), E Canada (1/1), Argentina (2/4), Mauritania (1/2), Spain (1/1), France (1/4), Sweden (1/1), Norway (1/1), Italy (2/4), W Mediterranean (2/6), India (3/6), Japan (4/44), Russia (3/7), New Zeaand (2/4), Subantarctic Is. (1/4), unknown or international waters (3/5) and Antarctica (1/1); after this work, another 10 spp. have been described for Australia: Dicyema coffinense, D. koinonum, D. multimegalum, D. vincentense, Dicyemennea spencerense, Dicyemennea floscephalum, Dicyema papuceum, D. furuyi, Dicyema calamaroceum, D. pyjamaceum. Records of Dicyema also in coastal Venezuela (Penchaszadeh et al., Journal of Molluscan Studies, 1996).
Kantharellidae (1/1) - a single species endemic to Weddel Sea, Antarctica.
12. GASTROTRICHA ▸ 860 spp. worldwide in two major orders: Macrodasyida, contained (10:36/)377 described species, all marine except four reported in freshwater: Marinellina flagellata Ruttner-Kolisko, 1955 (Austrian river Ybbs), Redudasys fornerisae Kisielewski, 1987 (Brazilian dam on the savannah near São Carlos city), and two in streams and aquifer in U.S.A. (Garraffoni et al., ZooKeys, 2010); and Chaetonotida, which contains the suborders Multitubulatina - formed only by the genus Neodasys - and Paucitubulatina - all other quetonotides, with more than 450 spp., and present 2/3 of the species in continental waters, counting eight families (of which two, Muselliferidae and Xenotrichulidae, are exclusively marine) and (32/)483 spp. (Campos and Garraffoni, PeerJ, 2019).
Garraffoni, A.R.S. & Araújo, T.Q (Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2010) lists (9:36/)120 spp. in Brazil, 74 described and 46 non-described, in both orders of this phylum: Macrodasya ((5:11/)26) and Chaetonotida ((4:25/)94). Araujo et al. (Checklist, 2016) updates the situation of Pseudostomella in Brazil.
■ endemic families in New World: Hummondasyidae (1/1, Macrodasyda, Jamaica).
13. PLATYHELMINTHES ▸ (344:)22,473 spp. (see data below; 13,214 spp. occur in sea environments, SEE). In Wikipedia (SEE) the massively polyphyletic 'Turbellaria' was split into a 11 end-lineages (mainly orders), and Trematoda, Monogenea and Cestoda were joined in the new order Neodermata, a 12ª clade of this class.
For the 12 end-lineages, Braccini, J.A.L., Amaral, S.V. and Leal-Zanchet, A.M. (Braz. J. Biol., 2016) details about 7 clades in Brazil: Catenulida (42; (5:)109 spp. worldwide, Tubellaria Taxonomic Database/TTB), Macrostomida (17; (3:)272 spp. worldwide, TTB/2), Prorhynchida (2, as Lecithoepitheliata (SEE); (1:)29 spp., TTB/3), Rhabdocoela (as Kalyptorhynchia (21) and Dalytyphloplanida (68); (34:)1,816 spp. worldwide, TTB/4), Proseriata ((3:)24; (11:)473 spp.worldwide, also three unplaced genera, TTB/5), Prolecithophora (27; (5:31/)188 spp., TTB/6); Bothrioplanida (1, inside Proseriata group; two spp. worldwide); and Fecampiidae in Tricladida (1, as Revertospermata).
Carbayo et al. (Biota Neotropica, 2018) listed Brazilian diversity in more two clades: Polycladida ((37/)66 spp.; 7 genera endemic in Brazil; 1,025 spp. worldwide in 40 families, 25 Acotylea and 15 Cotylea, TTB/8) and Tricladida ((27/)180 spp.; nowdays includes Fecampiida and Genostomatidae. (16:)1,783 spp. worldwide, TTB/9).
Together, these nine lineages contain 420 spp. in Brazil.
Of the three remaining lineages, two are absents in Brazil: Haplopharyngida (1/3) occur only in in coasts of Belgium and Norway (Haplopharynx rostratus Meixner, 193), southern France (H. quadristimulus Ax, 1971) and Italy and Portugal (H. papii Schockaert, 2014), by Schockaert (Zootaxa, 2014), plus unverified records in North Carolina (U.S.A.) and Panamá; and Gnosonesimida (1/6-7, Gnosonesima), known from Massachusetts (U.S.A.), Antarctica (G. antarctica), North Sea and Greenland (G. borealis and G. brattstroemi), Mediterranean Sea (G. mediterranea), Somalia (G. tropicalis), by PlanMine (SEE), and unnamed records in Panamá (Panamabiota) and Cuba (Diez et al., BJLS, 2023).
Neodermata, the 12ª lineage, is divided into four groups: Trematoda/Aspidogastrea, Trematoda/Digenea, Monogenea and Cestoda. Littlewood et al. (Book, 2015) cites (4:13/)61 Trematoda/Aspidogastrea, (150:1777/)12,012 Trematoda/Digenea and (72:867/) 4,671 Cestoda in World. By CFTB, in Brazil there are (37:164/)384 spp. of Cestoda, (27:151/)526 spp. of Monogenea and (93/411)765 Trematoda, totalizing (157:727/)1,675 Neodermata.
Rhabdocoela includes three higher groups: Kalyptorhynchia, Dalytyphloplanida and Mariplanellida (3/4), the two former in Brazil, and the last in northern Europe, Kerguelan Is., and Curazao (Marine Species).
Tricladida has 5 lineages: Fecampiida, Genostomatidae, Tricladida/Cavernicola, Tricladida/Continenticola and Tricladida/Maricola; all Brazilian obligatory subterranean Platyhelminthes belongs order Tricladida [1] in all three last clades: Continenticola (10 in Girardia, Dugesiidae), Maricola (1) and Cavernicola (2). Sluysia triapertura Leal-Zanchet & Souza, 2018 represents the first Maricola triclad living in freshwater within a cave. Brazil is the only country in the world with troglobitic representatives in the three groups of Tricladida (SEE). Dimarcusidae is a clade known only from Brazil, Central America, Nigeria and Borneo (L. Benítez-Álvarez, et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2020).
■ endemic families in New World: Atamatamidae (3/3, Trematoda, Peru), Mucroplanidae (1/1, Rhabditophora, Ecuador), Discoprosthididae (1/1, Rhabditophora, Argentina), Acanthocollaritrematidae (1/1, Trematoda, Brazil), Euryleptididae (1/1, Rhabditophora, Brazil), Braunotrematidae (1/1, Trematoda, Brazil), Crassicollidae (1/1, Rhabdiophora, U.S.A), Acipensericolidae (1/2, Rhabditophora, U.S.A.).
14. ENTOPROCTA ▸ 169 spp. by Zhang (2013), grouped into 4 families, three of them in Brazil, by Vieira & Migotto (Biota Neotropica, 2011): Barentisiidae (5/25, with (2/)5 spp. in Brazil), Loxosomatidae (5/124, with (3/)8 spp. in Brazil) and Pedicellinidae (4/20, with (2/)5 spp. in Brazil). The fouth, Loxokalypodidae, has one genus and two spp. from northern Pacific (Iltis Report) and New Caledonia (WORMS). In total, Brazil has (3:7/)18 spp. Only two lives in freshwater: Loxosomatoides sirindhornae Wood, 2005 (Pedicellinidae, SEE), reported in 2004 in central Thailand, and Urnatella gracilis Leidy, 1851 (Barentsidae), found in all the continents except Antarctica (Wikipedia), inc. Brazil.
15. CYCLIOPHORA ▸ a phylum composed of three microscopic species in a single genus of lobster gills parasites in the North Atlantic, with strong affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta.
Symbion americanus Obst, Funch and Kristensen, 2006 - at Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837, collected in Halifax (Canada), Maine, Nova York, Massachussets and Maryland in NE U.S.A. (Obst et al., Molecular Ecology, 2005), at three distinct lineages, possibly new species (Sato et al., Invertebrate Biology, 2022).
S. pandora Funch and Kristensen 1995 - at Nephrops norvegicus L., 1758, collected in Sweden, Denmark, Faroe Is., U.K., France, Spain and Croatia (Obst et al., Molecular Ecology, 2005).
S. sp. - at Homarus gammarus L., 1758 (Wikipedia), collected on Norwya, Denmark, France and Croatia (Obst et al., Molecular Ecology, 2005), possibly infecting, in some life stage, harpacticoid copepods in coastal France (Neves & Xavier, Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 2014).
16. NEMERTEA ▸ a interesting website is World Nemertea Database (SEE). (250/)c. 1,149 spp. worldwide (Gibson, Journal of Natural History, 1995) falling all in the three actual clades except three monotypic genera. 53 spp. in Brazil (Mendes et al., Zootaxa, 2016, also Santos, Journal of Natural History, 2006 and Amaral et al., BOOK, 2011, and Marine Species/Nemertes), in all three clades: Palaeonemertea (3:3/6 in Brazil, Tubulanus in Tubulanidae and Carinomella in Carinomidae, Cephalothrix in Cephalothrichidae, 14/98 worldwide, formerly Anopla, six families), Heteronemertea (2:8/12 in Brazil, Baseodiscus in Baseodiscidae, Cerebratulus, Evelineus, Flaminga, Lineus, Micrura, Neolineus, Siolineus in Lineaidae, 80/406 worldwide, also formerly Anopla, 11 families) and Hoplonemertea (7:14/35 in Brazil, Carcinonemertea in Carcinonemertidae, Tagonemertes, Zygonemertes in Amphiporidae, Cratenemertes in Cratinemertidae, Nemertopsis in Emplectonemetidae, Otonemertes, Ototyphlonemertes in Ototyphlonemertidae, Oburgeria in Prosorhochmidae, Coenemertes, Divanella, Itanemertes, Prostoma, Prostomatella, Tetrastemma in Tetrastemmatidae, 153/642 worldwide, formerly Enopla, 27 families). Mendes et al. (Zootaxa, 2016) describes two new specific and generic records from Brazil: Carinomella (Palaeonemertea) and Cerebratullus (Heteronemertea). Bdellonemertea was imerged within Hoplonemertea by Thollesson (PubMed, 2003).
Only four spp. of freshwater: Prostoma eilhardi Montgomery, 1894 identified in Argentina and Brazil; P. graecense Böhmig, 1892 from Venezuela; Koinoporus mapochi Sanchez & Moretto, 1988, known from small streams flowing into the Mapocho River (Talagante region) in Chile; and Siolineus turbidus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1948, known from four individuals (all females) in the Brazilian river Tapajós (the type locality) found at 28 m depth in the 1940s; it is the only Neotropical freshwater species representing Heteronemertea (KNAF/2020).
■ endemic families in New World: Panorhynchidae (1/1, Anopla, Argentina), Pachynemertidae (1/1, Enopla, Bermuda), Fasciculonemertidae (1/1, Enopla, Chile).
17. MOLLUSCA ▸ 85,519 spp. (Molluscabase), the second most speciose invertebrate phyllum after Arthropoda (Wikipedia), in seven living classes. F.M. Machado et al. (Zoologia, 2023) indicating the presence of (401:1,354)3,552 valid species of molluscs in Brazil, numbers accepted here in almost all groups except land Gastropoda, distributed among the main clades as follows: Caudofoveata (3:5/10), Solenogastres (2:6/6), Polyplacophora (7:11/35), Scaphopoda (6:20/43), Cephalopoda (38:65/92), Bivalvia (80:305/629) and Gastropoda (265:932/2,737).
17.1 Class Gastropoda ‣ 71,818 spp. worldwide, 38,889 marine, 5,118 in freshwater, and 27,994 in lands (Molluscabase) at 721 extant families (Bouchet et al., Macologia, 2017). Salvador, R.B. et al. (Journal of Conchology, 2024) cites (35:126/)715 spp. of native land snails in Brazil (manual counting for genera, 150 all, 24 only with exotic species). F.M. Machado et al. (Zoologia, 2023) cites 1,837 marine gastropoda; and (10:33/)177 spp. in freshwater in Brazil. For freshwater Gastropods, Strong et al. (Hydrobiology, 2008) cites 3,795 to 3,972 spp. worldwide, mainly in Asia, but 440 to 533 in Neotropics, in 14 to 17 families. Simone (BOOK, 2006) lists 256 freshwater Gastropoda in country. Mexico contains (13:61/)193 spp. of freshwater Gastropods (Czaja, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2020) and (47:)1,184 terrestrial Gastropoda (Naranjo-García, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Gastropoda most recent classfication includes the following topology, based on Cunha TJ, Giribet G. (Proc. R. Soc., 2019).
PSILOGASTROPODA
Patellogastropoda - marine, in five families: Lottiidae, Lepetidae, Patellidae, Acmaeidae and Nacellidae (Aranzamendi et al., Journal of Molluscan Studies, 2009), the three latters in Brazil (CTFB), with 7 spp. (F.M. Machado et al., Zoologia, 2023).
ANGIOGASTROPODA
Apogastropoda
Caenogastropoda - operculate gastropods; this clade includes c. 47% of all gastropodes, in land, freshwater and marine habitats; at least two families inhabits land environments in Brazil: Diplommantinidae and Neocyclotidae. 1,211 marine species in Brazil (F.M. Machado et al., Zoologia, 2023).
Heterobranchia - non-operculate gastropods; seven clades (Wikipedia). For sea slugs from Rio Grande do Norte state (in Acteonoidea, Nudipleura, Euopisthobranchia/Anaspidea and Panpulmonata/Sacoglossa), see Delgado, M. et al. (Pap. Avulsos Zool., 2022). 418 marine species in Brazil (F.M. Machado et al., Zoologia, 2023).
Valvatoidea
Orbitestelloidea
Cimoidea
Rissooidea/Acteonoidea
Euopisthobranchia
Panpulmonata - includes c. 90% of land snails and all terrestrial slugs in Brazil. Megalobulimus popelairianus Nyst, 1845 (Strophocheilidae), from Brazil and Ecuador, has the largest eggs of all land gastropods: 51 × 35 mm (Wikipedia).
Neritimorpha - operculate gastropods. 4 families in Brazil: Helicinidae, Proserpinidae, Neritidae and Phenacolepadidae (CTFB), with 11 spp. (F.M. Machado et al., Zoologia, 2023).
Incertae sedis
Cocculiniformia - (2:12/)51 spp. (Wikipedia), at least Cocculina in Brazil (Barros et al., Tropical Oceanography, 2001).
By Ramos et al. (Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2021), terrestrial slugs are not a monophyletic group, but a case of convergent evolution in which the slug form evolved from different lineages of land snails that gradually lost their shell, through a process called limacization. The slug body form is present in the Stylommatophora (land snails and slugs) and Systellommatophora (aquatic and terrestrial slugs) clades of the Eupulmonata; only two families are native to the New World: Veronicellidae (common in tropical areas around the world) and Philomycidae (native from Asia and Northern America). Thomé (Biociências, 1993) reviewed the native Veronicellidae in the Americas, mentioning 144 species names classified in 18 genera, 10 in Brazil (none endemic), 8 absents, following Oliveira (Dissertation, 2019): Colosius (5, Colombia to Peru and Hispaniola), Diplosolenodes (6, U.S.A., Caribbean, Nicaragua, Guyana, Venezuela and Ecuador), Forcartulus (1, Venezuela and Colombia), Heterovaginia (1, Peru), Leydiula (10, U.S.A. to Colombia), Microveronicella (1, Colombia and Ecuador), Montivaginullus (1, Peru) and Veronicella (6, Caribbean, Ecuador and Chile). Despite not having endemic genera, Brazil has the greatest diversity of genera in the New World in this family. In Salvador, R.B. et al. (Journal of Conchology, 2024), Veronicella occur natively in Brazil.
Family Plusculidae (Heterobranchia), with Pluscula cuica Er. Marcus, 1953, is endemic to coasts of SE Brazil (see B. Brezinger et al., Organisms diversity and Evolution, 2013, pg. 8). Possibly 317 off 327 spp. of Amastridae are extincts today (Régnier, Conservation Biology, 2015).
■ endemic families in New World: Plusculidae (1/1, Brazil); Tantulidae (1/1, Heterobranchia, Saint Vicente y Granadinas), Echinichidae (1/3, Heterobranchia, Mexico), Globocornidae (1/1, Caenogastropoda, Cuba), Amastridae (10/327, Heterobranchia, Hawaii, U.S.A.).
17.2 Class Bivalvia ‣ (106:c. 1,100/)c.9,200 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia), 8,419 marine and 1,371 in freshwater (Molluscabase). F.M. Machado et al. (Zoologia, 2023) cites (80:305/)629 spp. of Bivalvia in Brazil, (72:276/)513 marine and (8:29/)116 freshwaters. 4 clades (Wikipedia; informations above freshwaters, see next paragraph):
Heterodonta - (64:800/)5,600 spp. Includes 270 freshwater species in 20 genera, only 7 in New World: Neocorbicula (4, Cyrenidae), Mytilopsis (2, Dreissenidae), Anticorbula (1, Corbulidae), Eupera, Byassanodonta, Pisidium and Sphaerium (Sphaeridae).
Palaeoheterodonta - (7:171/)908 spp., one family exclusively marine (Trigoniidae) and six exclusively freshwater: Unionidae (681, North and Central America, Eurasia, Africa), Margaritiferidae (13, Holarctic), Hyriidae (75, South America, Australasia), Etheriidae (4, South America, Africa, SE Asia), Mycetopodidae (43, exclusive from South America), and Iridinidae (43, exclusive from Africa).
Protobranchia - (10:49/)700 spp, fully marine.
Pteriomorphia - (25:240/)2,000 spp. Two families includes freshwater members: Myrtillidae (5 spp. in E Asia) and Arcidae (5 spp. in southern Asia).
One the best works for freshwater bivalves is Graf (Amer. Mallac. Bull., 2013), that shows 1,178 spp. worldwide. Neartic region includes only three native families of freshwater bivalves, with 343 spp. (the largest amount by region, 295 in Unionidae). Neotropical region includes 249 spp. in 8 families (the 3th amount by region). Mexico includes 97 bivalvian in freshwater (Czaja, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2020). Grippina coronata Machado & Passos, 2015 (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) endemic to E coast of Brazil, is the smallest carnivorous bivalve known, with c. 1mm diameter (Morton, B. et al., Journal of Molluscan Studies, 2015).
17.3 Class Polyplacophora ‣ (33:)1,224 spp. worldwide (Molluscabase). Brazil has (7:11/)35 spp. (F.M. Machado et al., Zoologia, 2023).
17.4 Class Cephalopoda ‣ two higher clades. Vaske Junior & Costa (Labomar UFC, 2011, [VJC]) lists 816 spp. worldwide and (38:65/)92 spp. in Brazil (F.M. Machado et al., Zoologia, 2023). In addition to the data in this list, here we also accept Chtenopteryx sicula Vérany, 1851 (Chtenopterygidae) in Brazil (Haimovici et al., Bulletin of Marine Science, 2002), some non-nominal species mentioned in the work itself: Architeuthis sp., Cycloteuthis sp. and Graneledone sp. (considered here as records of already known species, not as new ones), and some new families or genera mentioned expressly below, plus 4 new Nautilus species reported. In the final numbers, there are (50:146/)821 spp. of Cephalopoda in the world, (37:72/)90 in Brazil.
Neocoleoidea ‣ eight living orders and 51 families:
Spirulida - a single species, Spirula spirula L., known from mainly tropical and temperate areas in world, inc. Brazil.
Sepiida - (20/)179 spp., in three living families, data from [VJC]: Sepiadariidae (2/7, bottletails, India to New Zealand, northern up to Japan, and some islands off Chile), Sepiidae (3/110, cuttlefishes, absent in New World waters) and Sepiolidae (15/)62 spp. worldwide, (4/)5 spp. in Brazil).
Idiosepida - a single family, Idiosepiidae, (2/)8 spp. from southern Africa to Japan, southern up to NE Australia (FAO, 2006).
Oegopsida - neritic squid. (25:82/)249 spp. worldwide, (21:41/)45 spp. in Brazil [VJC].
Bathyteuthida - (2:2/)6 spp. [VJC], one species in Brazil in each family.
Octopoda: octopus. (48/)307 spp. in 14 families, 10 in Brazil ((19/)30, [VJC]), and 4 absents: Stauroteuthidae (1/2, South Africa to South Georgia, northern Atlantic, SEE), Idiooctopodidae (1/1), Lutheuthididae (1/2) and Grimpoteuthididae (2/13).
Vampyromorphida - a single species, Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun, 1903, a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions, inc. Brazil.
17.5 Class Scaphopoda ‣ (12:)577 spp. worldwide (Molluscabase). F.M. Machado et al. (Zoologia, 2023) cites (6:20/)43 spp. in Brazil, in both two orders of this class: Dentaliida (3:9/18) and Gadilida (3:11/25).
17.6 Class Aplacophora ‣ c. 320 spp. worldwide in two orders (Wikipedia): Caudofoveata ((3:15/)141 spp., Molluscabase) and Solenogastres (24:297 spp., Molluscabase). F.M. Machado et al. (Zoologia, 2023) cites (5:11/)16 spp. in Brazil, in both orders of this group, (2:6/)6 in Solenogastres and (3:5/)10 in Caudofoveata.
17.7 Class Monoplacophora ‣ a group absent in Brazil. Based on Waren & Gofas (Zoologica Scripta, 2005), Marshall (Molluscan Research, 2006), D. L. Ivanov & Moskalev (Ruthenica, 2007), Y. Kano et al. (Zoologica Scripta, 2012) and Schwabe (Zootaxa, 2008), we listed (4:7/)32 spp. (two families in New World). Largest diversities are New Zealand (2:2/6), Mexico (2:4/4), Azores region (1:1/4) and Peru (1:1/4).
Laevipilinidae
Laevipilina: L. antarctica (Antarctica), L. cachuchensis (off N Spain), L. hyalina (Washington to NW Baja California, Mexico), L. rolani (off N Spain), L. theresae (Antarctica).
Micropilinidae
Micropilina: M. arntzi (Antarctica), M. minuta (off Iceland and Italy), M. rakiura (NW New Zealand), M. reingi (NW New Zealand), M. tangaroa (NW New Zealand), M. wareni (NW New Zealand).
Monoplacophoridae
Monoplacophorus: M. zenkevitchi (Central Pacific, north of Johnston Islands, west of Hawaii).
Neopilinidae
Adenopilina: A. adenensis (Gulf of Aden).
Neopilina: N. bruuni (Peru/Chile), N. galatheae (Baja California in Mexico, Costa Rica, Galapagos, MAP), N. rebainsi (Falklands), N. starobogatovi (E Kamchatka, Russia), N. sp. unnamed (Peru-Chile).
Veleropilina: V. brummeri (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), V. capulus (Chatham Rise, New Zealand), V. euglypta (Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Azores), V. goesi (Virgin Islands, Caribbean), V. oligotropha (north of Hawaii), V. reticulata (Cosica, Sardenha, S Italy), V. segonzaci (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), V. seisuimaruae (SE Honshu island, Japan), V. veleronis (Mexico, off W Baja California), V. zografi (off NE Azores).Vema: V. bacescui (Peru-Chile), V. ewingi (Peru-Chile), V. levinae (submarine volcano off SW Mexico), V. occidua (NW New Zealand).
► terrestrial bioluminescents: all luminous molluscs presently known are marine organisms, except the New Zealand fresh water limpet Latia neritoides and the Malaysian land snail Quantula (Dyakia) striata (Shimomura & Yampolsky, BOOK, 2019).
Mexico includes 4,643 marine Mollusca (Castillo-Rodríguez, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014): 3,127 Gastropoda (1712 in Pacific, 1,415 in Atlantic), 1,202 Bivalvia, 159 Polyplacophora, 111 Cephalopoda, 40 Scaphopoda, 3 Monoplacophora and a single Aplacophora. South America includes at least 1,401 non-marine mollusca (Miyahira et al., Biodiversity and Conservation, 2022).
18. ANNELIDA ▸ classic Annelida grouped in three groups are obsolete; Annelida's most recent and stable status is marked at Capa & Hutchings (Diversity, 2021), plus three clade after this work, Protodriliformia (SEE), Questidae (Garrafoni & Amorim, Iheringia, 2003), Aeolosomatida/Hrabeiellidae (Schmelz et al., Zootaxa, 2021), where the phylum has been divided into 21 lineages, including the phyla Echiura and Sipuncula itself. The ancient Polychaete class is now fragmented into 17 lineages (Echiura itself) plus Sipuncula. The survey posted here indicates 20,670 spp. in the phylum in 158 families. In Brazil there are 1,668 spp. in 99 families. 13,738 spp. occur in sea environments, SEE.
Mexico includes (63:460/)1,500 spp. of former Polychaetes (Tovar-Hernández, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014).
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| PHYLOGENY OF ANNELIDA BY CAPA & HUTCHINGS (DIVERSITY, 2021), PLUS PROTODRILIFORMEA, QUESTIDAE AND AEOLOSOMAITA/HRABEIELLIDAE |
Grosse et al. (Diversity, 2021) cites some groups with inconclusive settlement in the phylogeny of annelids, namely: Cossuridae, Paraonidae, Siboglinidae, Hrabeiella, Aeolosoma, Potamodrilus, Scalibregmatidae and Travisiidae. Of these, the last six mentioned are here placed in lineages from Capa & Hutchings (Diversity, 2021); for the first two, an undefined status is maintained, both being declared here as 'unplaced at lineages'. Another group treated in this status is Myzostomida (Summers & Rouse, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2014), whose position in the phylogeny of the phylum has no conclusive indication in the literature consulted. Grosse et al. (2021) mentions 'among many others' undefined groups in Annelida, without specifying what they are.
FOR BRAZIL
Amaral et al. (Compilation, 2011) provides data for 17 of the full lineages in Brazil (Palaeoannelida, Chaetopteridae, Amphinomida, Eunicida, Phyllodocida, Protodrillidae, Orbiniida, Cirratuliformia, Sabellida, Sabelariida, Spionida, Scalibregmatidae + Travaisia, Ophellida, Arenicollida, Terebelliformia, Questidae and Aeolosomatidae), Capitellidae s.s. in Capitellidae/Echiura branch, and three unplaced families (Cossuridae, Paraonidae, Myzostomidae). Together, all these groups includes 1,149 spp. in 434 genera at 68 families in Brazil.
Ditadi and Migotto (Guia para coleta, 1982) and Ditadi (Fapesp, 1999-2009) provides data for Sipuncula in Brazil (6:7/30). Fujiwara et al. (ZooKeys, 2019), Tommasi (Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 1970) and Southward (Article, 1968) provides data for four Brazilian members of Siboglinidae. Bisewar (Zootaxa, 2009) provides data for Brazilian members of Echiura (2:4/5). Finally, Christofferesen (Acta Zoólogica Mexicana, 2010) provides data for Brazilian Clitellata non Hirudina (17:424 spp.), and Christofferser (Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 2009) provides numers of all Brazilian Hirudina ((8:14/)47 spp.).
For former Polychaeta s.s., an available and accepted number in World is 8,350 spp. in 1,093 genera by Chapman (BOOK, 2009). For data from southern Atlantic Polychaeta, see NONATOBASE.
LINEAGES
18.0 Unplaced at lineages ‣ three families accepted in this block, all in Brazil: Cossuridae (1/29, Grosse et al., Diversity, 2021, (1/)3 spp. in Brazil), Paraonidae (8/150, Grosse et al., Diversity, 2021, (8/)30 spp. in Brazil) and Myzostomidae (12/150, Summers & Rouse, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2014, (3/)4 spp. in Brazil).
18.1 Palaeoannelida ‣ 127 spp.; includes two families, Magelonidae and Oweniidae (Parapar, Diversity, 2021), both in Brazil (9/15 spp. joined).
18.2 Chaetopteridae ‣ 79 spp., in a single homonymous family. (4/)8 spp. in Brazil.
18.3 Amphinomida ‣ 221 spp. in two families, Amphinomidae and Euphrosinidae (Wikipedia), both in Brazil (9/17 spp. joined).
18.6 Phyllodocida ‣ (28:566/)4627 spp. (Martin et al., Diversity, 2021). In Brazil occur (23:170/)457 spp., inc. Nemanereis.
Among all Annelida, only three branching species with a highly modified body-pattern are known until now, all in Syllidae within Phyllodocida: Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879 (250 m near the Philippines and at a depth of 170 m in the Arafura Sea), Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby et al. (inside both white and purple sponges of the genus Petrosia in Darwin Harbour, Australia), and R. kingghidorahi Aguado, Ponz-Segrelles, Glasby, Ribeiro, Jimi & Miura, 2022, from Shukunegi Point, at the southern tip of Sado Island, Japan. All have unusual ramified bodies with one head and multiple anuses (Wikipedia), and live inside the canals of host sponges (Species New to Science).
The highest record of a freshwater non-Clitellata Annelida in world belongs Lycastoides alticola Johnson, 1903 from Mexico, found at 2,150 m a.s.l. in Mexico (Conde-Vela, Subterranean Biology, 2017).
For new Nereis for Brazil, see Bergamo et al. (Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2023).
18.7 Protodriliformia ‣ (4:6/)76 spp. in Protodrilidae (2/36, Martínez et al., Cladistics, 2014), Polygordiidae (1/16, Senckenberg), Saccocirridae (2/22, Domenico et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2014) and Protodriloididae (1/2, Domenico, Thesis, 2012), all in Brazil (5/9).
18.8 Orbiniida ‣ (5:)222 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia), Orbiniidae and Neriliidae in Brazil (10/28). This clade includes the very enigmatic Parergodrilidae.
Parergodrilidae ‣ by Purschke & Fursman (Zoomorphology, 2005), 12 spp. belongs this clade, Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger, 1925 (terrestrial, living in the zone of leaf litter and has so far only been found in Europe) and 11 Stygocapitella, in North America, E Asia, Europe, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand (for maps, SEE).
The Alvinellidae are a family of worms that are endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024). Alvinella pompejana Desbruyères and Laubier, 1980 (Alvinellidae) is the most heat-tolerant complex organism known on Earth, found near hydrothermal vents deep in Galapagos vents, it thrives at a temperature of 50 °C; this is near the theoretical limit for eukaryotes, whose mitochondria disintegrate at about 55 °C (Wikipedia).
18.10 Siboglinidae ‣ 200 spp. worldwide in 4 lineages, two in Brazil (plus Vestimentifera and Monilifera (Sclerolinum, SEE)), with 4 spp in country: Osedax braziliensis Fujiwara, Jimi, Sumida, Kawato & Kitazato, 2019 (SEE, Osedax clade), Siboglinum besnardi Tommasi, 1970, S. nonatoi Tommasi, 1970 (SEE) and Crassibrachia brasiliensis Southward, 1968 (SEE), these Frenulata clade. Vestimentifera has six genera endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific: Riftia Jones, 1981, Ridgeia Jones, 1985, Tevnia Jones, 1985, Oasisia Jones, 1985, Alaysia Southward, 1991, and Arcovestia Southward and Galkin, 1997, and four widely: Lamellibrachia, Escarpia, Paraescarpia and Seepiophila (McCowin et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023).
18.11 Sabellida ‣ 1,151 spp. in two families, Sabeliidae and Serpuliidae. (40/)77 spp. in Brazil.
18.12 Sabellariidae ‣ 135 spp. in a single family Sabelariidae, with (4/)13 spp. in Brazil.
18.13 Spionida ‣ 649 spp. in 8-9 families worldwide. (4:27/)97 spp. in Brazil.
18.14 Capitellida/Echiura ‣ due to high inconclusion among phylogenies, this clade is treated here including two groups: Echuira and Capitellida s.s.
A. Echiura ‣ 236 spp. (Zhang, 2013) worldwide in 5 families of two orders (Wikipedia). Biseswar (Zootaxa, 2009) lists all Echiura of Atlantic Ocean; in Brazil marine water occurs 5 spp.: three Bonellidae (Bonellia minor, Torbenwolffia galatheae and Sluiterina flabellorhynchum) and two Thalassematidae (Lissomyema exilii and L. pelodes). Other three South American species are listed in Paz & Chapoñán (Cientifica, 2016).
B. Capitellida s.s. ‣ originally included three families (Wikipedia), but with the emancipation of Arenicolidae, only two are in this group today: Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Maldanidae Malmgren, 1867, both in Brazil (28/57 spp.).
18.15 Scalibregmatidae + Travisia ‣ 106 spp., see Parapar et al. (Diversity, 2021). (3/)10 spp. in Brazil.
15.16 Ophellida ‣ 167 spp. in a single family. (10/)38 spp. in Brazil.
18.17 Arenicolida ‣ 273 spp. in a single family. (2/)3 spp. occur in Brazil.
18.18 Terebelliformia ‣ 1,114 spp. in 5 families, by Hutchings et al. (Diversity, 2021). Brazil has (4:32/)62 spp.
18.19. Aeolosomatida/Hrabeiellidae ‣ two families, Aeolosomatidae ((3/)c. 30 spp. Christoffersen, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2012 lists all members from South America, nine spp. in Brazil, none endemics) and Hrabeiellidae (2, Hrabeiella, only known exclusively terrestrial non Clitellata by Farkas, Environmental Science Biology, 2013, been found at an increasing number of sites in Europe and has also recently been reported from Korea).
18.20. Questida ‣ a single family, Questidae, with 8 spp.:, Q. caudicirra Hartman (California, Canada, Gulf of Mexico, Canary Is., Mediterranean Basin/Delgado & Nuñez, Misc. Zool., 1994, and Rocal Atol in N Brazil/Amaral et al., Compilation, 2011), Q. trifucata (New England), Q. media (Galapagos), Q. ersei (NE Australia), Q. bicirrata (Mactan Is., Philippines), Q. mediterranea (Isola di Ponza, Italy), Q. riseri (Bermudas) and Q. paucibranchiata (Carrie Bow Bay, Belize), by Garraffoni & Amorim (Iheringia, 2003).
18.21 Clitellata ‣ here we follow Schmelz et al. (Zootaxa, 2021) and we consider 14 orders (Hirudina as three orders, as in Tessler et al., Mol. Phyl. and Evol., 2018), listed below, with 55 families. (22:96/)466 spp. in Brazil. For a huge amount of informations about earthworms, see Phytotaxa, vol. 5255, March 15, 2023. Our survey carried out across the 14 orders listed showed 8,292 spp. in this class.
A. Randiellida - a small marine family with 4 spp. in Randiella (Timm, Zootaxa, 2017), one species is known from the NE Pacific Ocean (Oregon), the three others from the NW Atlantic (east coast of USA and Caribbean) and New Caledonia (Erséus, Journal of Natural History, 1997).
B. Parvidrillida - a single family, Parvidrilidae (1/11, SE U.S.A. and Europe, Timm, Zootaxa, 2017).
C. Capilloventrida - a single family, Capilloventridae, with 5 spp. from a single genus, Capilloventer: two of these are marine (C. atlanticus Harman & Loden 1984 from Brazil and the other from Antarctica) and three from freshwater in Australia (KAFTI).
D. Tubificida - includes two families: Tubificidae, inc. Naididae, Pristinidae, Opistocystidae, 1,168 spp., Timm, Zootaxa, 2017; Sjölin et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2005; Esséus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2010. 155 spp. in South America, (22/)80 in Brazil, by Christoffersen, Acta Zoólogica Mexicana, 2010 for species; Christoffersen, Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2007 for all list; and Phreodrilidae (1/53, Timm, Zootaxa, 2017), this absent in Brazil.
E. Narapida - a single family, Narapidae (1/1, S Brazil and NE Argentina, Jamieson et al., Book Chapter 8, 2006).
F. Enchytraeida - two families:, Enchytraeidae (26/)700 spp. (SEE), 65 spp. in South America and (9/)35 in Brazil, by Christoffersen, Acta Zoólogica Mexicana, 2010 for species; Christoffersen, Zootaxa, 2007 for all list; and Propappidae (1/3, Europe, S Siberia in Russia, Coates, Proceedings of ohe Biological Society of Washington, 1986).
G. Haplotaxida - two families, Haplotaxidae (7/32, Timm, Zootaxa, 2017, also Brinkhurst, Canadian Science Publishing, 1988, 4 spp. in South America, two in Guyana, Brazil and Argentina one each, Christoffersen, Acta Zoólogica Mexicana, 2010) and Tiguassuidae (1/1, endemic to Brazil).
H. Moniligastridae - a single family, (5/)c. 200 spp. (Wikipedia), from SE and E Asia; they are terrestrial and, despite a common belief that they are amphibious, no moniligastrids are known to be aquatic or limicolous.
I. Alluroidina - includes Alluroididae (7/13, Jamieson & Fragoso, Zootaxa, 2024, waters of equatorial Africa and South America) and Syngenodrilidae (1/1, East Africa). The former family (4/)5 spp. in New World, one in Mexico (Lacandodrilus, endemic genus), (3/)3 in Guyana (Kathrynella and Righiella endemic genera), and Brinkhurstia americanus Brinkhurst 1964 from Brazil, Guyana, Argentina and Santa Lucia.
J. Crassiclitellata - Misirlioglu et al (Zootaxa, 2023) recognizes (22:382/)5,406 spp. in this clade. South American numbers provided by Christoffersen (Acta Zoólogica Mexicana, 2010).
9 families does not occur in New World: Criodrilidae (Europe and Algeria), Biwadrilidae (Japan), Diporodrilidae (Corsica and Sardinia), Eudrilidae (Africa), Hormogastridae (Europe and Northern Africa), Kazimierzidae (Western Cape and Northern Cape provinces), Kynotidae (22, Madagascar), Microchaetidae (South Africa), Tritogeniidae (southern Africa).
5 families occur in New World but non in South America: Komarekionidae (mid-Atlantic states west to southern Illinois, U.S.A.), Lumbricidae (Paleartic and E North America), Lutodrilidae (E U.S.A.), Megascolecidae (Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada to California), and Sparganophilidae (North America).
8 families occur in South America. (47/)299 spp. in Brazil, Fragoso & Brown, BOOK, 2007.
Glossoscolecidae (6/156) + Rhinodrilidae (38/376) - Mexico to South America, former in Glossocolecidae s.l.; joined, (25/)226 spp in Brazil, Fragoso & Brown, BOOK, 2007.
Acanthodrilidae - 68/746, widely worldwide, 66 spp. in South America, 4 in Brazil, in Eodrilus and three in Microscolex (Fragoso & Brown, BOOK, 2007).
Arecoidae - a single spp., Areco reco Righi, Ayres and Bittencourt, 1978, endemic to northern Brazil, dismembered of Almidae.
Almidae - 7/64, Africa, SE Asia, Costa Rica to South America and the Caribbean, (3/)9 spp. in New World, (3/)7 in Brazil, in Drilocrius (5), Glyphidrilocrius (1) and Guarani (1), by Fragoso & Brown, BOOK, 2007, also Misirlioglu et al (Zootaxa, 2023).
Benhamiidae - 20/351, Africa, Oceania, Central America and northern South America; (5/)100 spp. in New World, including former South American Octacaenidae. 4 genera in Brazil: Dichogaster (8), Neogaster (4), Pickfordia (1) and Wegeneria (4), by Fragoso & Brown, BOOK, 2007.
Ocnerodrilidae - 37/172, South and Central America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, and the Seychelles. (20/)77 spp. in South America, (15/)44 spp. in Brazil, by Fragoso & Brown, BOOK, 2007.
Tumakidae - 3 spp. endemics to Colombia.
K. Lumbricullidae - 227 spp. (Timm, Zootaxa, 2017), an Holarctic family with extension into W Asia, absent in South America (Christoffersen, Acta Zoólogica Mexicana, 2010).
L. Acanthobdellida - two known species: Acanthobdella peledina Grube, 1851 (broadly across northern Eurasia and Alaska) and Paracanthobdella livanowi Epstein, 1966 (Russian Far East), each placed in their own monotypic family: Acanthobdellidae and Paracanthobdellidae, respectively (De Carle et al., Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2022).
M. Hirudina - (15:88/)325 spp. in two groups: Rhynchobdellida (3:41/110, Glossiphoniidae, Piscicolidae, Ozobranchidae, Wikipedia) and Arhynchobdellida (12:47/215, Wikipedia). (7:13/)43 spp. in Brazil and (10:)31 in Mexico (Oceguera-Figueroa & León-Règagnon, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Christofferser (Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 2009) lists 137 leeches in South America, 66 non-Glossiifonidae (SEE, including marine species, in two families, Piscicolidae and Ozobranchidae) and 71 Glossifoniidae (46 of them Helobdella (SEE), 25 non-Helobdella; several genera are endemic to Andean region). 11 leech families occur in South America: in continent Erpobdellidae and Americobdellidae are reported only in Chile and Argentina, Cyclobdellidae and Xerobdellidae from Peru to Argentina, remaining seven in Brazil ((13/)43 spp.): Janssonia (1), Stibarobdella (3), Trachelobdella (1), Cylicobdella (4), Unoculobranchiobdella (1), Limnobdella (1), Oxyptichus (3), Barbronia (1), Paragonobdella (1), Semiscolex (4), Placobdella (2), Haementeria (9) and Helobdiella (15). For a remarkable record of Stibarobdella moorei Oka, 1910 (Piscicolidae) in Brazil, see Wunderlich et al. (CheckList, 2016).
N. Branchiobdellida - (22/)140 spp. in a single family, obligate ectosymbionts primarily associated with astacoidean crayfishes, in freshwater habitats Canada to SE Mexio in Veracruz state, also isolated records in Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Gelder, Hydrobiologia, 1999), the Euro-Mediterranean, and East Asia (Gelder & Williams, Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates, 2015). (6/)17 spp. in Mexico (SEE).
GENERAL NOTES ABOUT ANNELIDA
Only 13 of the approximately 600 species of known marine and estuarine oligochaetes have been recorded from Brazil, and 8 are currently known only from their type locations (Prantoni et al., Marine Biodiversity, 2013), in Naididae (5/6), Enchytraeidae (3/5), Capiloventridae (Capilloventer atlanticus Harman and Loden 1984) and Megascolecidae (Pontodrilus litoralis Grube, 1855). Besides Pontodrilus litoralis to be the aquatic oligochaete with the highest number of records in Brazil, we here consider this species a invasive, based on text in Misirlioglu et al (Zootaxa, 2023).
Bioluminescent earthworms falls in five families: around 30 species distributed in 13 genera in the families Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae, and Octochaetidae. In the Lumbricidae family, all records of bioluminescence refer to species now classified in a single genus Eisenia and the phenomenon may be confined to only two or three species, including E. fetida Savigny, 1826 and E. lucens Waga, 1857. Bioluminescent terrestrial enchytraeids are found in the genera Fridericia and Michaelseniella and usually inhabit soils rich in organic matter (Shimomura & Yampolsky, BOOK, 2019).
The number of polychaete taxa living in the Neotropical fresh waters is very few compared with their marine counterparts, comprising only 22 known species in six genera. The 22 species belong to Nereididae (11 spp. in two genera, Nemalycastis and Nemanereis, both in Brazil, with 10 spp., in country, mainly from Amapá to Maranhão states, by Alves, Thesis, 2022) and Histriobdellidae (8 species in Stratiodrilllus, colected in several places inc. Brazil), followed by Capitellidae (one sp. in Ouanay river in French Guiana), Sabellidae (one sp., Monroika clarae Bick & Armendáriz, 2021, in lower Uruguay River in Argentina and Uruguay, SEE), and Sigalionidae (Phyllodocida, one sp. in Panamá) each with one species (KNAF/2020).
■ endemic families in New World: Tumakidae (1/3, Clitellata, Colombia), Komarekionidae (1/1, Clitellata, U.S.A.), Lutodrilidae (1/1, Clitellata, U.S.A.), Arecoidae (1/1, Clitellata, Brazil), Tiguassuidae (1/1, Clitellata, Brazil).
19.1 Linguliformea (SEE) ‣ six living genera in a single order, Glottidia (MAP), Pelagodiscus (MAP), Lingula (SEE), Discinisca (MAP) and Discradisca (MAP) in New World, all in South America, the three lasts in Brazil (unnamed Discinisca, based on Simões et al. (Paleontology, 2004, Dicradisca antillarum d'Orbigny, 1845, based on Collin et al., Diversity, 2019; and unnamed Lingula, based on Monteiro et al, Labomar, 2023).
19.2 Rhynchonelliformea ‣ three orders:
Order Terebratullida ‣ 87 genera, 45 available, 12 in South America: Liothyrella (MAP), Gryphus (MAP), Dallithyris (MAP), Abyssothyris (MAP), Terebratullina (MAP), Melvicallatis (MAP), Fosteria (MAP), Aneboconcha (MAP), Terebratella (MAP), Platidia (MAP), Macandrevia (MAP), Magellania (MAP). Besides these references, in Brazil occur five genera at this orders: Tichosina martinicensis Cooper, 1977 (Terebratulidae), Bouchardia (Bouchardiidae; for details, see Simões e Kowalewski, Hystorical Biology, 2009), Platidia anomioides Scacchi & Philippi in Philippi, 1844 (Platidiidae), Argyrotheca cf. cuneata and Argyrotheca sp. (Megathyrididae), Terebratulina cailleti Crosse, 1865 and Terebratulina sp. (Cancellothyrididae), based on Simões et al. (Paleontology, 2004) and Césas Marques (Marine Biodiversity, 2018).
19.3 Craniiformea (SEE) ‣ three genera in a single order worldwide (Japan to New Zealand, one record near Antartida, two in center Pacific, and South America): Valdiviathyris (MAP), Neoancistrocrania (MAP) and Novocrania (8 spp., Robinson, Zootaxa, 2017), unique in New World (8 ssp., 3 in New World), collected in SW Canadá, W U.S.A., Galapagos, Chile and Magellanic region.
■ endemic families in New World: Bouchardiidae (1/1, Rhynchonellata, Brazil).
20.1 Cheilostomata (marine) ‣ 271 in Brazil. Worldwide: (128/547)4,921 spp.
20.2 Ctenostomata (marine/freshwater) ‣ 42 in Brazil. Worldwide: (34:61/)325 spp. in 61 genera of 34 families.
20.3 Cyclostomata (marine) ‣ 33 in Brazil. Worldwide: (15:62/)543 spp.
20.4 Plylactolaemata (freshwater) ‣ worldwide: (7:15/)86 spp.
Vieria et al. (Zootaxa, 2014) describes more 21 species of Ctenostomata in Brazil, increasing the total of this group to 63 in country. For freshwater Bryozoa, by Wood & Okamura (Zootaxa, 2017), there are 89 spp. worldwide, 30 in Neotropical regions (24 in Phylactolaemata, and six in Ctenostomata, at Hislopiidae), 16 in Brazil, but the work describes more 4 news from Phylactolaemata (and create two families in Phylactolaemata and Ctenostemata one each); thus, Brazil has 20 freshwater bryozoa (18 Phylactolaemata and two Ctenostemata). Finally, Brazil has 387 Bryozoa species.
■ endemic families in New World: Polliciporidae (1/1, Gymnolaemata, Chile), Jebramellidae (1/1, Gymnolaemata, Brazil), Tapajosellidae (1/1, Phylactolaemata, Brazil).
21. PHORONIDA ▸ a smaller phylum of 11 spp. in two genera (for detail, see Phoronida World Database; for distribution, see the MAP): Phoronopsis, with three spp. in Panama, U.S.A., Bermuda, Caribbean and scattered in Old World - thus, absent in South America; Phoronis, with 8 spp., one in Japan,
P. ovalis Wright, 1856, P. psammophila Cori, 1889, P. hippocrepia Wright, 1856 (these fully assignated in Brazil by Forneris, SBZ, 1987),
P. muelleri Selys-Longchamps, 1903 (dubious in Brazil),
P. australis Haswell, 1883 (first Brazilian record, SEE),
and scattered in New and Old World, all collected in Brazil; P. pallida Schneider, 1862 and P. ijimai Oka, 1897, both from Old World with records in both sides of North America.
Temereva and Neklyudov (Biology Bulletin, 2018) indicates 15 spp. in this phyllum, including 5 news from SE Russia (P. embyolabi, P. svetlanae), South China Sea (P. savinkini, P. malakhovi) and Japan (P. emigi), and placed P. ovalis basal, with Phononis polyphyletic. Keeping Phoronopsis valid, Phoronis will be split into 7 small genera, with 4 in Brazil, and three absents: ⟨P. pallida/P. embryolabi⟩ (Sweden to Spain, Marocco, Madagascar, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, W Canada to California), ⟨P. emigi⟩ (Japan), and ⟨P. svetlanae⟩ (SE Russia, the second most basal) absents in the country.
ECDYSOA
22. LORICIFERA ▸ by R.C. Neves et al. (Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2016) plus R.C. Neves et al. (Marine Biodiversity, 2018), R.C. Neves et al. (Plos One, 2021), Sorensen M.V. et al. (Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2022) and Sorensen M.V. et al. (European Journal of Taxonomy, 2023), (2:11/)47 spp. of Loricifera occur worldwide (Sørensen et al., Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2023), collected in N Chile (Pliciloricus ukupachaensis Sørensen, Herranz, Grzelak, Shimabukuro, Kristensen & Zeppilli, 2023, Pliciloricidae), SE Brazil off Rio de Janeiro state (Scaberiloricus samba Sørensen, Herranz, Neves, Kristensen & Garraffoni, 2023, Pliciloricidae, Sørensen et al., 2023, endemic genus and species), Galapagos Is. (Spinoloricus neuhausi Neves & Kristensen, 2016 and S. turbatio Heiner & Neuhaus, 2007, both Nanoloricidae), both coasts of U.S.A. (3/9), N Atlantic (1/2), Mediterranean (1/1), Faroe Is. (3/5), Italy (1/1), France (2/3), Spain (1/1), Guinea Gulf (1/1), Namibia (2/3), Comores (1/1), Russia (1/1, Laptev Sea), Japan (2/2), SE Australia (2/2), Papua New Guinea (1/1), Antartic waters (1/1) and New Zealand (1/1). Consistent records also in Mexico (4 spp., Cardoso Neves et al., Front. Mar. Sci., 2022).
Only U.S.A., N Atlantic, Galapagos, Atacama trench, SE Mexico, Faroe Is., France, Namibia, Japan and SE Australia has more a than a single species.
23. KINORHYNCHA ▸ (10:25)315 spp. in five large clades, by Herranz et al. (Mol., Phyl. Evol., 2022) and World Kinorrhyncha Database (WKD), nominaly in two classes:
Cyclorhagida, composed of three subclades: Xenosomata (1 family), Kentrorhagata (3 families, including the aberrant Zelinkaderes) and Echinorhagata (1 family), with 199 spp. in 10 genera of 6 families. Brazil has at least 4 spp. in this group, 3 spp. in Echinorhagata: Echinoderes ajax Sørensen, 2014, E. marthae Sørensen, 2014 and E. astridae Sørensen, 2014, all collected from coast of São Paulo state (Echinoderidae, Sorensen, Fapesp, 2014), and one in Kentrohagata, Centroderis sp. from E coast (GBIF).
Allomalorhagida, composed of two subclades: Pycnophyidae (MAP) and Anomoirhaga, with (4:15/)116 spp. Brazil includes at least four species in this group, in all three families: Pycnophyes sp. and Kinorhynchus sp. in Pycnophyidae (Amaral et al., Biota Fapesp-Araçá, 2018), and two Anomoirhaga: Cateria styx Gerlach, 1956 (Cateriidae, M. Herranz et al., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2019), also from Chile, and the bizarre Franciscideres kalenesos Dal Zotto, Di Domenico, Garraffoni & Sørensen, 2013 (Franciscideridae, M. dal Zotto et al., Systematics and Biodiversidad, 2013), known also from E Argentina (Rucci et al., Zootaxa, 2020).
24. PRIAPULIDA ▸ (4:6/)23 spp. in two orders (Wikipedia). Work by van der Land, Zoologische Verhandelingen, 1970 referenced below by 'A1972'.
Priapulimorpha ‣ includes three families:
Maccabeidae - a single genus, Maccabeus Por 1973 (2, W Mediterranean and Andaman Sea, SEE).
Halicryptidae - a single genus, Halicryptus, and two species.
Halicryptus spinulosus von Siebold, 1849 (Labrador, coast of Alaska, E Greeland, Iceland, coasts of N Russia, N Scandinavia and Baltic Sea, A1972).
Priapulidae - three genera. Some deep records was made in Pacific coast from NW Mexico to Central America, and around Java in Indonesia (A1971), and lack specific definition.
Acanthopriapulus horridus Théel, 1911 (SE Brazil to Chile, Rhaesa et al., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2022, known only from six specimens, three from Brazil).
Priapulopsis australis de Guerne, 1886 (New Zealand, South Africa, southern Chile and Argentina, A1972).
Priapulopsis bicaudatus Danielssen, 1868 (NE U.S.A to Newoundland in Canada, around Greenland, North Sea to Severnaya Zemlya in Russia, A1972).
Priapulopsis cnidephorus Salvini-Plawen, 1973 (incompletely described, questionable, Mediterranean Sea, SEE).
Priapulus abyssorum Menzies, 1959 (off coast of Costa Rica, 5,680m deep, SEE).
Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816 (Alaska to California, Artic Alaska and Canada, over coasts of Greenland, NE U.S.A to Newoundland in Canada, Iceand to Chukotka in Russia, Kamchatka from Japan, A1972).
Priapulus tuberculatospinosus Baird, 1868 (New Zealand, around Antartida, southern Chile and Argentina, A1972).
Meiopriapulomorpha ‣ includes only one family, absent in Brazil.
Tubiluchidae - (2/)12 spp.: Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Bengal Bay, Fiji, South Korea, SEE), Tubiluchus corallicola (Curaçao, Barbados, Bermuda, Bonaire, Bahamas, Florida), T. remanei (Egypt coast of Red Sea, SEE), T. philippinensis (Sabang Island, Mactan, Cebu, Philippines, SEE), T. australensis (Australian Great Barrier Reef), T. arcticus (White Sea and Barents Sea), T. vanuatuensis (New Hebrides island Vanuatu), T. troglodytes (submarine caves in Apuglia, Italy), T. lemburgi (Canary Islands), T. soyoae, T. pardosi (Kourijima in Ryukyu Islands and Suruga Bay in Honshu, Japan, SEE), complemented by several reports of undetermined Tubiluchus specimens, e.g. from Hawaii, the Koster area in Sweden, and North Spain, by Schmidt-Rhaesa (Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2013, also 2017).
25. NEMATOMORPHA ▸ a phylum 351 spp. by Zhang (2013), in two higher groups: Nectonematoidea, with only Nectonema genus, with 5 marine species: Nectonema agile Verrill, 1879 (Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean and Black Seas), N. melanocephalum Nierstrasz (Indonesia), N. munidae Brinkmann, 1930 (Bergen and Norway), N. svensksundi Bock, 1913 (Spitzbergen, Norway) and N. zealandica Poinar & Brockerhoff 2001 (New Zealand), the first in Brazil (Kakui et al., Parasitology Research, 2021); and Gordioideae, with (2:20/)346 spp. (Wikipedia), 8 in South America (in parenthesis the diversity of species in South America/worldwide): the Gordiidae Gordius (1-60/60, worldwide) and Acutogordius (3/5, South America (3, SEE) and SE Asia), both in Brazil (KNAF/2020); and the Chordodidae Chordodes (1-90/90, worldwide), Paragordius (3/16, widely worldwide except Australasia), Beatogordius (7/16, South America and Africa), Neochordodes (1-13/13, North and South America), Noteochordodes (1-3/3, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico), and Gordionus (2/37, Europe, North America, Colombia, Argentina, Chile (4 in South America, SEE), Asia), by A. Schmidt-Rhaesa (Zoologica Scripta, 2002), all in Brazil except Gordionus (KNAF/2020), with 18 spp. among both families. 77 spp. occur in Neotropical region (KNAF/2020).
26. NEMATODA ▸ a very large group present in the zoosphere, with impressive estimates of diversity (24,783 in Zhang (2013), possibly more than 1M; 6,526 spp. occur in sea environments, SEE) and number of individuals; the group's complexity differs from a detailed approach on this website; for general details, see Wikipedia. By Hodda (Zootaxa, 2022), are three classes in Nematoda: Enoplea (3 subclasses, 4 superorders, 9 orders, 12 suborders, 19 superfamilies, 35 families, 63 subfamilies, 243 genera, 2,297 spp.), Dorylaimea (3 subclasses, 3 superorders, 8 orders, 10 suborders, 17 superfamilies, 41 families, 90 subfamilies, 499 genera, 4,917 spp.) and Chromadorea (2 subclasses, 5 superorders, 15 orders, 31 suborders, 65 superfamilies, 200 families, 358 subfamilies, 2287 genera, 21,317 species). In Brazil, by CFTB, are 67 spp. of Enoplea (11:35/), 90 in Dorilaymea (5:19/) and 1,272 in Chromadorea (89:163/).
Possibly 8,000-9,000 Nematoda parasites Craniata, and lists of Brazilian parasitic nematodes are available for the following host groups: fishes (Luque et al., Zootaxa, 2011 - 74/215 spp.), amphibia (Vicente et al., Rev. Bras. Zool., 1990 - 14:24/63 spp.), reptiles (Vicente et al., Rev. Bras. Zool., 1993 - 23:55/121 spp.), birds (Vicente et al., Rev. Bras. Zool., 1995 - 23:75/257 spp.) and mammals (Vicente et al., Rev. Bras. Zool., 1997 - 45:160/495 spp.). For a excelent work of all 15 lineages of parasitic Nematoda - with hosts - see Blaxter & Koutsovoulos, Parasitology, 2015.
Marine nematodes in Brazil, in April, 2017, includes (72:372/)450 spp. in 11 orders (Venekey, Zootaxa, 2017).
Placentonema gigantissima Gubanov, 1951 (Tetrameridae) is potentially the largest nematode worm ever described, with a length of 8.4 metres (28 ft) and a diameter of 2.5 centimetres, discovered in the 1950s around the Kuril Islands, Russia; this species develops its parasitic nature by utilizing nutrients found in the endometrium of female sperm whales and forming as spiriud (small, embroyonated) eggs; it can parasitize not only the placenta, but also the uterus, reproductive tract, mammary glands, or subdermis of the sperm whale (Wikipedia).
■ endemic families in New World: Berntsenidae (1/2, Chromadorea, U.S.A).
27. TARDIGRADA ▸ 1,157 spp. by Zhang (2013) in three classes, with Mesotardigrada with only one species, endemic to E Kyushu island in S Japan (however, the type material was lost, so Mesotardigrada is considered nomen dubium - Grothman, Zoological Science, 2017). Barros, R.C. (Arq. Zool., 2020) recognizes 100 spp. to Brazil, 70 of which are onshore and 30 are marine, in Eutardigrada ((3:20/)43 spp. in Brazil - worldwide 444 spp. in 56 genera of 11 families, by Zhang, 2013) and Heterotardigrada ((10:29/)57 spp. in Brazil - worldwide (12:63/)712 spp., by Zhang, 2013). Mexico includes only 41 spp. (SEE). 197 taxa and their 2,240 records from 39 oceans and seas of marine Tardigrada was listed in Kaczmarek et al. (Zootaxa, 2015).
For South America diversity of non-marine Tardigrada, see Kaczmarek et al. (Zootaxa, 2015); following this source, Brazil has the third freshwater diversity in South America (20/61), being surpassed by Argentina (30/111) and Chile (21/63). Only eight species are endemic to Brazil (numbers 4, 24, 68, 139, 145, 181, 185 and 198 of this work), none belong to a endemic genus. Only the family Oreellidae in South America does not occur in in Brazil (SEE). For news from Argentina, see Rocha A.M. et al. (European Journal of Taxonomy, 2022).
28. ONYCHOPHORA ▸ Onychophora Website shows 227 Onychophorans, 136 Peripatopsidae and 91 Peripatidae; none country has the two families simultaneously. For differences of this groups, see Mayer (Zootaxa, 2007). Recent taxa in Sena Oliveira (ZooKeys, 2023), with 232 spp., 92 in Peripatidae and 140 in Peripatopsidae, accepted here.
For Peripatidae are 85 well defined species and 6 nomina dubia in 11 genera. Eoperipatus (4 spp.) occur only in Malaysia (continental and part of Borneo), extreme SE Thailand and southern Vietnan (absent in Indonesia, MAP); Typhloperipatus is monotypic endemic to NE India (SEE); Mesoperipatus is monotypic endemic to Gabon (SEE); Speleoperipatus and Plicatoperipatus are endemic to Jamaica; Mongeperipatus is endemic to Costa Rica; Heteroperipatus occur only in Panama and El Salvador; all remaining genera occur in South America and Brazil.
Brazil has 29 spp. (22 described and 7 undescribed) in the following four genera: Epiperipatus (32, 15 in Brazil, C. S. Costa et al., Zoologia, 2018; inc. Cerradopatus, see Costa et al., ZJLS, 2020), Oroperipatus (17, two in Brazil, none endemics; for details about O. eisenii, see Contreras-Felix, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2018), Macroperipatus (6, 3 in Brazil, two endemics - a seventh species is undescribed, endemic to Brazil) and Peripatus (16 spp., two in Brazil, but six undescribed!, all eight endemics), the last three being referenced in C. Sampaio-Costa (Zoologia, 2009).
Important changes can come from the information already pre-released from G. Giribet et al. (Invertebrate Systematics, 2018). However, almost all definitions about this family in unclear; works shows five distinct lineages: Asian members; Gabon member; Oroperipatus; Colombian-Ecuador lineage; remaining Neotropical taxa (Baker et al., Mol. Biol. Evol., 2021); Mongeperipatus, assignated as a new genus for Costa Rica (Barquero-González, Revista de Biologia Tropical, 2020), is strongly discrepant against Neopatida phylogeny (SEE).
Peripatopsidae (41/127) has almost all of their genera endemic to Australia (34/74) except two endemics from Chile (Metaperipatus and Parospisthopatus, joined 2), two endemics from South Africa (Peripatopsis and Opisthopatus, 34), Paraperipatus in New Guinea and the surrounding islands, including the Maluku achipelago in Indonesia (6), Ooperipatellus (8, in Australia, 2 in New Zealand) and Peripatoides (3, New Zealand).
29. ARTHROPODA ▸ for taxonomy of Crustacean lineages, see Zhang et al.¹; for Chilopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla, see Zhang et al.²; fror Diplopoda, see Zhang et al. 3; for Insect orders, see Zhang et al. 4. In addition to them, two will be very recurrent here: Rafael et al. (Insetos do Brasil, 2012) and Foottit & Adler (Insect Biodiversity, 2018).
Arthropoda sumary in Zhang et al. 5., with a very gross error when declaring Xiphosura (bizarre mistake) as extinct, with 4 living species. For endemic families we follows Intreasures (SEE). Some families of this reference are not found in Zhang's works.
Our extensive research identified 104,892 spp. of Arthropoda in Brazil, in 19,632 genera within 1,577 families. For a list of Brachipoda, Malacostraca and Hexanauplia from Santa Catarina state, see Boos et al. (Check List, 2012).
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| PHYLOGENY OF LIVING ARTHROPODA, BASED ON WIKIPEDIA (SEE) |
29.1 PYCNOGONID CLASS ▸ a single order, Pantopoda (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013), with 12 families, 77 genera and 1,346 spp. worldwide; by Lucena & Christoffersen (Zootaxa, 2018), Brazil has 65 spp. in 11 families (exception is Ascorhynchoidea incertae sedis, 9-10 genera, list of these in Pycnobase) among 20 genera, including deep-sea types and 20 endemic species. A book of all species and numerous images of Brazilian types is available in Editora UFPB. Mexico has (10:19/)58 spp. (SEE).
Endoparasitism of Pycnogonida in Hydrozoa is very rare, reported from Argentina, Australia, Germany, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, U.S.A. and Brazil, with two records in coast of Paraná state (Bettim, A.L. & Haddad, M.A., Biota Neotropica, 2013), Anoplodactylus stictus on hydroid species of Podocoryna.
29.2 ARACNID CLASS ▸ 17 orders (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013), including Merostomata as order, 16 in Brazil, (783:12,527/)120,613 spp., following data below. Mexico no includes Holothryda.
THE SIX ACARI-LIKE CLADES (526:5,581/54,495 spp.)
2.1 ORDER OPILIOACARIDA ‣ a single family in the World (Opilioacaridae), with (13/)47 spp. collected in New World, Italy, Greece, Algeria, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Yemen, Kazakhstan, India, Thailand and Australia; (4/)c. 25 spp. occur in New World (Berbardi & Borges-Filho, Subterranean Biology, 2018). Brazil presents the greatest diversity known to date, with (4/)11 spp.: Brasilacarus and Amazonacarus are endemic to the country, while Neocarus and Caribeacarus also occur in other regions (Bernardi et al., Subterranean Biology, 2020). Mexico has (2/)8 spp. (M. Perez et al., Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
2.2 ORDER HOLOTHRYDA ‣ (3:13/)27 spp. (Zhang, 2013); Allothyridae and Holothrydae do not occur in the New World.
Neothyridae ‣ six species in three genera: Neothyrus ana from Peru, Neothyrus sp. from Venezuela, Diplothyrus schubarti and D. lehtineni from Brazil, D. lecorrei from French Guiana, and Caribothyrus barbatus from Dominican Republic (Bernardi L. F. O. et al., Acarologia, 2011; Vázquez M.M. et al., Acarologia, 2016).
2.3 ORDER IXODIDA ‣ (3:23/)871 spp.; Nuttalliellidae is monotypic and restricted from Africa. In Brazil has (2:9/)70 spp. documented (Dantas-Torres et al, Science Direct, 2019). World checklist of all Ixodida is available in S. C. Barker & A. Murrell (BOOK, 2008). Mexico has (2:10/)100 spp. in this order (M. Perez et al., Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Argasidae ‣ (5/)193 spp. in World (Wikipedia); (4/)23 spp. in Brazil (Dantas-Torres, 2019), 18 of then in Ornithodorus. Otobius megnini Dugès 1883, is an economically important soft tick as it parasitizes livestock mostly cattle, goats, sheep, and horses and also infests humans; its original center of distribution is considered to be the southwestern North America from where it spread to Central and South America (Rajakaruna & Diyes, Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens, 2018), and treated here absent nativelly in Brazil.Ixodidae ‣ (17/)c. 700 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia), (5/)47 spp. in Brazil (Dantas-Torres, 2019), 32 in Amblyomma.
2.4 ORDER MESOSTIGMATA ‣ (109:878/)11,424 spp., mainly free living mites. Laelapidae is recognized as the most diverse mesostigmatic family, with over 90 genera and more than 1,300 species described worldwide (Nemati et al., Persian J. Acarol., 2021). Brazil has (56:215/)987 spp. (CTFB). Mexico has (50:158/)507 spp. in this order (M. Perez et al., Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
■ endemic families in the New World: Antennochelidae (1/1, Costa Rica), Costacaridae (1/1, Mexico).
2.5 ORDER TROMBIDIFORMES ‣ the order now contains (151:2,235/)25,821 species (Zhang, 2013). Brazil has (73:433/)1,435 spp. (CTFB). Mexico has (78:328/)1,208 spp. in this order (M. Perez et al., Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
■ endemic families in the New World: Ferradasiidae (1/1, Argentina), Amoenacaridae (1/3, U.S.A.), Amphotrombiidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Crotalomorphidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
2.6 ORDER SARCOPTIFORMES ‣ (259:2,426/)16,305 spp. (Zhang, 2013) in three groups: Astigmata (placed here within Oribatida), Endeostigmata (108 spp. in 27 genera of 10 families by Zhang, 2013) and Oribatida (inc. Astigmata, 16,197 spp. in 2,399 genera at 249 families, by Zhang, 2013). Brazil has (139:456/)1,120 spp. (CTFB). Mexico has (154:402/)801 spp. in this order (M. Perez et al., Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
■ endemic families in the New World: Enantioppiidae (1/1, Bolivia), Tubulozetidae (1/1, Ecuador), Brazilobatidae (1/1, Brazil), Elliptochthoniidae (1/9, U.S.A.), Proteonematalycidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
REMAINING CLADES
2.7 ORDER PSEUDOSCORPIONES ‣ this order has (26:446/)3,454 spp. (Zhang, 2013). Among these, thereare about 20 families with over 400 species that are frequently recorded in subterranean habitats around the world. In Brazil, (16:66/)173 described species have been recorded (Schimonski & Bichette, Journal of Arachnology, 2019). A notable record is Feaellidae, with three genera, two in Old World with 13 spp., and the monotypic Iporangella from Alto do Ribeira area in São Paulo state (Harvey et al., Journal of Arachnology, 2016). (17:)151 spp. in Mexico (Ceballos, BOOK, 2000); Mexican families Neobisiidae, Menthidae and Stemophoridae does not occurin Brazil.
2.8 ORDER OPILIONES ‣ (49:1,663/)6,513 spp.; this order has 4 living suborders (Wikipedia), all collected in Brazil: Cyphophthalmi (6 families, 36 genera, c. 200 spp.; three families in New World), Eupnoi (c. 200/c. 1,700), Dyspnoi (43/365, northern Hemisphere to Mexico and Thailand, Australia, South Africa, SEE), also Brazil[L] to Chile) and Laniatores (c. 4,000 spp.). For a world diversity of Opiliones by country, see Checklist of valid genera of Opiliones of the World (by Adriano Kury). Brazil has (19:304/)1,008 spp., 960 endemics, the highest diversity worldwide (CTFB). (12:67/)283 spp. occur in Mexico, in Cyphophthalmi (1, Neogovea), Palpatores (139) and Laniatores (143) (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).
■ endemic families in New World: Otilioleptidae (1/1, Argentina), Cryptomastridae (2/4, U.S.A.).
2.9 ORDER PALPIGRADI ‣ by Harvey (2003), two families in the World, both in South America, with 6 genera and 78 spp. However, by Mammol et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2021), are 126 spp., mainly in Brazil and Europe. (1:3/)24 spp. in Brazil. Mexico has 20 spp., many undescribeds (Francke, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Eukoeneniidae ‣ 4 genera: Allokoenenia (3), from Guinea (1) and two spp. endemics to Brazil (Bahia and Pará states, Souza M.F.V.R & Ferreira R.L, European Journal of Taxonomy, 2022); Eukoenenia (70-80), cosmopolitan, with 20 spp. in Brazil (Sousa & Ferreira, Zootaxa, 2020); Koenenioides (8) from E Africa to SE Asia and China; and Leptokoenenia (4), with one sp. in Saudi Arabia, two caves from SE Pará state in Brazil and one in Congo region. The two Brazilian Leptokoenenia are more recent than Harvey's work and are obviously not counted in the work (Souza & Ferreira, PlosOne, 2013).Prokoeneniidae ‣ two genera: Prokoenenia (7), from Chile, China (SEE) and Thailand one each, U.S.A. (Texas) and Indonesia two each; and Triadokoenenia, monotypic endemic to Madagascar.
2.10 ORDER SOLIFUGAE ‣ 1,075 spp. in 140 genera of 12 families, only 4 families occur in New World (The Arachnid Order Solifugae - TAOS). (2:6/)15 spp. in Brazil. Mexico has (2:12/)79 spp. in this order (Francke, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Daesiidae (77/129) ‣ three in New World, Ammotrechelis (monotypic endemic to Chile), Syndaesia and Valdesia (both monotipics endemics to Argentina).
Eremobatidae (8/214) ‣ from S Canada to Honduras in Central America; all genera in U.S.A., one endemic, 7 up to Mexico, two up to Canada; Eremobates has 97 spp.
Mummuciidae (8/30, exclusvely from South America) ‣ by TAOS, Suesdek (Journal, 2009), Sousa Carvalho et al. (Zootaxa, 2010), Trujillo (Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 2017), Trujillo (Journal of Arachnology, 2016), Trujillo et al. (The J. of Arachnology, 2019) and Souza, Ferreira & Carvalho, Zootaxa, 2021), endemic monotypics in Argentina (Cordobugida, Curanahuel), Peru (Vempyroniellla), Paraguay (Mummucipes); 4 widely: Mummucina (6, Ecuador, Peru, Chile), Uspallata (1, from Argentina, Chile, Peru and Brazil), Mummucia (6, Brazil (2), Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay) and Gaucha (13, Brazil (10), Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay). Brazil has (4/)13 spp., and Argentina has (5/)8 spp.
Vempironiella aguilari, endemic to coast of Lima regin, Peru, is the smallest solifugae worldwide, with males measuring 3.90–5.85 mm in total body length, with the second smallest being the southern African melanoblossiid Lawrencega minuta Wharton, 1981 whose males measure 5–8 mm (Trujillo, Journal of Arachnology, 2016).
Ammotrechidae (22/83) ‣ update data from Botero-Trujillo (Arthropod Systematics and Phyogeny, 2023). 5 subfamilies (three of them make up only a single Argentine endemic genus, SEE); 14 genera occur in South America, endemics in Argentina (6, Procleobis, Titanopuga, Notopuga, Oltacola, Dasycleobis, Cuyanopuga), Ecuador (Campostrecha), Chile (Chileotrecha, Sedna) and Peru (Chinchippus); widely genera: Saronomus (1, Colombia and Venezuela), Eutrecha (3, Colombia and Venezuela), Xenotrecha (1, Brazil and Venezuela), Pseudocleobis (21, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina), Ammotrecha (10, U.S.A. to Costa Rica, Brazil and Chile one endemic each); Ammotrechella (15, U.S.A. to Panama, Caribbean, one up to Ecuador and Venezuela); and Ammotrechula (United States, Mexico, Central America, one in Colombia and Ecuador). Argentina has (7/)24 spp., 11 in endemic genera, 13 in Pseudocleobis. Remaning species in Chile (4/8), Colombia (4/5), Venezuela (4/4), Peru (3/9), Ecuador (3/3), Brazil (2/2) and Bolivia (1/4).
2.11 ORDER RICINULEI ‣ a single living family with 102 spp. in three genera (Wikipedia): Ricinoides (16, W Africa), Cryptocellus (45, 12 from Nicaragua to Panamá, and the remaining 33 from Suriname to Peru and N Brazil (13)) and Pseudocellus (41, 17 from Texas (1) to Panamá (2) and two in Cuba, mainly in Mexico (21) and Cuba (12)).
Molecular and morphological data published by S. Sato et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024) suggest the existence of 3 to 5 lineages consistent with genus status in Ricinulei: Ricinoides (basal, Africa), rogue Pseudocellus (nov., Mexico) + Cryptocellus, and Cryptocellus magnus group (nov., Andes) + Pseudocellus s.s. However, the new lineages suggested as valid genera have not yet been formalized.
2.12 ORDER MEROSTOMATA ‣ group sister of Ricinulei, based on Ballesteros et al. (Mol. Biol. and Evol., 2022). Only 4 spp. living in a single order, Xiphosura, in a single family, Limulidae: Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (S and SE Asia), Limulus polyphemus (along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the SE Gulf of Mexico), Tachypleus gigas (the Indo-Pacific, Indonesian, Indian, S and SE Asia) and T. tridentatus (SE and E Asia); for very exact range of Asian species, see Vestbo et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018).
2.13 ORDER SCORPIONES ‣ (23:233/)2,807 spp. (The Scorpio Files). For updates about scorpions see The Scorpion Files Newsblog.
DISTRIBUTION
10 families occur only in Old World: Akravidae (1/1, Israel), Belisariidae (2/3, France, Spain, Italy), Chaerilidae (1/54, Asia), Hemiscorpiidae (1/17, Middle East and eastern parts of Asia), Heteroscorpionidae (1/6, Madagascar), Iuridae (7/14, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Greece), Pseudochactidae (5/7, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afeganisthan, China, Laos, Vietnan), Rugodentidae (1/1, India), Scorpionidae (18/196, Old World), Scorpiopidae (2/108, Asia).
12 families occur in New World, six locally (5 fully) only in North America up to Panamá: Anuroctonidae (1/1, U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Euscorpiidae (6/109, Mexico, Guatemala, Mediterranean region), Hadruridae (2/9, U.S.A., Mexico), Superstitioniidae (1/1, U.S.A., Mexico), Typhlochactidae (4/11, Mexico) and Vaejovidae (25/236, Canada do Guatemala).
Four families are endemic to South America or widely in southern Hemisphere: Caraboctonidae (2/26, Ecuador, Peru and Chile; Galapagos Islands and mainland Ecuador), Hormuridae (11/115, Caribbean to South America, SE Asia to Australia), Troglotayosicidae (1/6, Colombia and Ecuador) and Bothriuridae (17/166, Peru to Argentina and Brazil except two up to Ecuador, Lisposoma and Brandbergia in Namibia and Cercophonia in Australia).
Three families are widely: Buthidae (100, 1,370, worldwide), Chactidae (14/209, North to South America; Nullibrotheas allenii is the only representative in the Nearctic region) and Diplocentridae (10/140, Mexico, SW U.S.A., Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Greater & Lesser Antilles, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen).
For some important notes on the phylogeny of Scorpionida, see C. E. Santibañez-Lopez et al. (Cladistics, 2023).
NOTES
Brazil has the third diversity worldwide, with (4:25/)160 native spp. (CTFB) in Buthidae (8/96), Chactidae (11/40), Bothriuridae (5/22) and Hormuridae (1/2), below Mexico (8:281) and Venezuela (230, 128 Buthidae, 97 Chactidae, 2 Hormuridae and 3 Diplocentridae, SEE), and ahead India (114), U.S.A. (111) and South Africa (104).
Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, updated by the end of 2023 (SEE), cites slightly different numbers across the 4 national families in Brazil: Bothriuridae (5/22), Buthidae (10/111), Chactidae (11/46) and Hormuridae (1/3).
Three families of scorpions occur in South America but have no representatives in Brazil: Troglotayosicidae, Caraboctonidae and Diplocentridae (Tarsoporosus restricted to South America, with 5 spp. in Colombia and Venezuela).
Mexico has (9:38/)281 spp. (Santibáñez-Lápez et al., Toxins (Besel), 2016): Buthidae (92/1054, in Mexico 2/44), Hadruridae (2/9, in Mexico all genera and species), Chactidae (12/178, in Mexico 1/1), Diplocentridae (10/121, in Mexico 3/58), Euscorpiidae (4/51, Old World, Mexico and Guatemala, in Mexico 3/8), Superstitioniidae (1/1), Anuroctonidae (1/1), Typhlochactidae (4/11), and Vaejovidae (23/201, in Mexico 21/149).
Brazilian yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus (Buthidae), widely distributed but endemic to country, is one of most poisonous in the world, and the worst in the New World (Fatal Stingers; Planet Deadly).
■ endemic families in New World: Typhlochactidae (4/10, Mexico).
2.14 ORDER ARANEAE ‣ World Spider Catalogue (SEE), in July 24, 2022, lists 51,480 spp. of spiders in World in 4,265 genera at 132 families.
Worldwide largest diversities are China (5,476), Australia (4,034), Brazil (3,960 at 659 genera, included in 73 of the 135 known families at that time, with 2,784 endemics, Brescovit et al., Biota Neotropica, 2011), U.S.A. (3,558), Russia (2,497), Mexico (66:534/2,295, SEE), South Africa (2,253), by Zamani et al.(Diversity, 2023).
There are three maing groups of spiders (Wikipedia). Mesothelae has a single family, Liphistiidae, with 8 genera and c. 100 spp. from Japan to Sumatra; remaining two clades occur in New World. 97 families in New World, 73 in Brazil.
Mygalomorpheae ‣ 31 families, 15 in Brazil (largest family-diversity in New World, 8 in Brescovit (2011) plus Entypesidae, Microstigmatidae, Paratropididae, Pycnothelidae, Mecicobothriidae, Rhytidicolidae and Ischnothelidae).
Unbrazilian families includes restricteds from U.S.A. (Megahexuridae, Microhexuridae), Australasia region (Anamidae, Atracidae), southern Africa (Stasimopidae) and New Zealand (Porrhothelidae); Macrothelidae is restricted for Old World; Antrodiaetidae occur only in Japan and United States; Atypidae occur worldwide except South America and Australia; Bemmeridae in Asia an southern Africa; Euagridae occur in Africa, Australasia region to Malaysia, U.S.A. to Costa Rica, Taiwan, Central Asia, Argentina and Chile (two monotipic genera); Euctenizidae and Hexurellidae from U.S.A. to Mexico; Halonoproctidae is found in North and Central America, Australasia, Asia, southern Europe and North Africa, with one species is recorded from Venezuela in South America; Hexathellidae occur from Australasia (5 genera), Chile and Argentina (two genera); Migidae occur in Africa, Madagascar, Australia, Chile and Argentina.
Among Theraphosidae (163/1071), remarkable diversities are Brazil (47/202), Mexico (17/99) and Colombia (22/43). All Mexican species are Theraphosinae except Psalmopoeus victori Mendoza, 2014. Mexico includes the largest national endemic genera: Hemirrhagus (27) and Bonnetina (16). U.S.A. has 29 spp., all in Aplopelma.
Six subfamilies absents in New World: Eumenophorinae (54, Sub-Saharan Africa, the south of the Arabian peninsula, Madagascar and its associated islands, and parts of India), Harpactirinae (59, widely Old Word), Ornithoctoninae (26, SE Asia), Poecilotheriinae (1/15,India and Sri Lanka), Selenocosmiinae (11/127, SE Asia to Australia), Stromatopelminae (3/9, Africa), Selenogyrinae (3/9, Africa, India, Sri Lanka), Thrigmopoeinae (1/9, S, E Asia).
Six subfamilies in New World: Glabropelmatinae (1/4, Melloina, from Panama, Colombia and Venezuela), Psalmopoeinae (5/32, all genera in Brazil, none endemic), Schismatothelinae (5/33, 3 genera in Brazil (Sickius endemic), two from Panama to Peru, east up to T.Tobago), Ischnocolinae (17/108, 5 exclusively in Old World, 12 in tropical America, 5 in Brazil, the highest generic diversity, none endemics; national endemics in India (2), Seychelles, Belize and Hispaniola), Aviculariinae (7/31, all genera in Brazil (4 endemics) except Antillena from Dom. Rep), Theraphosinae (43/553; 26 genera in Brazil, largest generic-diversity; Brazil e Mexico 7 endemic genera each).
For several changes for Nemesiidae and Pycnothelidae in South America, see Oca et al. (Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 2022).
Araneomorpheae ‣ 98 families, 59 in Brazil (42 in Brescovit (2011) plus Amaurobiidae, Anapidae, Cheiracanthiidae, Desidae, Dyctinidae, Diguetidae, Drymusidae, Dysderidae, Eresidae, Ochyroceratidae, Orsolobidae, Telemidae (a described species, Pinelema elinae (SEE), and a unnamed species, also in Bahia state, SEE), Tetrablemmidae, Trachelidae, Trochanteriidae, Viridasiidae and Xenoctenidae).
Among New World families, outsiders are Archoleptonetidae (USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama), Austrochilidae (two genera in Chile and Argentina and one in Tasmania), Cyatholipidae (68 spp. in Africa, Madagascar and New Zealand, one one in Jamaica), Cybaeidae (northern Hemisphere, Sumatra, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru), Gallieniellidae (Australia, South Africa, Madagascar and Argentina), Homalonychidae and Myrmecicultoridae (U.S.A., Mexico), Hypochiidae (North America, Mexico and E Asia), Leptonetidae (US.A. to Panamá, Mediterranean region, E Asia), Liocranidae (Canada to Peru, Argentina, and widely Old World), Malkaridae (Australia, one genus in Chile and Argentina), Mecysmaucheniidae (New Zealand, Chile and Argentina), Phrurolithidae (Canada to Mexico, Europe to Australia), Physoglenidae (Australia, two genera in Chile), Pimoidae (North America, Europe and Asia), Plectreuridae (U.S.A. to Central America and Cuba) and Trogloraptoridae (endemic to U.S.A.).
Mexico has 61 families and U.S.A. has 60 in Araneomorpheae.
In Brazil, following data in Castanheira et al (Biodiversity Data Journal, 2016), there are 875 spp. in São Paulo state and 808 in Rio Grande do Sul state; by Nogueira et al. (CheckList, 2014), 529 spp. (many only morphospecies and undescribed) of spiders was found in Mount Neblina.
■ endemic families in New World: Megahexuridae (1/1, U.S.A.), Trogloraptoridae (1/1, U.S.A.).
GROUPS BELOW SOMETIMES FOLLOWS HARVEY (BOOK, 2003).
2.15 ORDER AMBLYPYGI ‣ by Harvey (2003) are (5:17/)136 spp., only Charontidae with (2/)11 spp. from SE Asia and N Australia, is absent in New World. Brazil has largest diversity of Amblypygi worldwide, with (3:4/)53 spp. Mexico has (1:3/)17 spp. (Francke, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Charinidae ‣ by Miranda G.S. et al (European Journal of Taxonomy, 2021), 132 spp. belongs this families in three genera, Weygoldtia (2) in Camboja, Laos and Vietnam, Sarax (36) from Italy to Seychelles and Palau; and Charinus (94), widely distributed, with 42 spp. in Brazil.Paracharontidae ‣ two genera and species: Paracharon from Guinea Bissau and Jorottui, troglobitic endemic to N Colombia (Novataxa, 2023).
Phrynichidae ‣ 7 genera, six from Africa to SE Asia and Trichodamon in Brazil, with two species in Bahia, Goiás and Minas Gerais states.
Phrynidae ‣ (4/)60 spp.: Acanthophrynus (1, Mexico and U.S.A.); Heterophrynus (15, N & C South America, 8 in Brazil, 5 endemics; news in Giupponi & Kuri, Zootaxa, 2013); Paraphrynus (18, U.S.A. to Ecuador, mainly in Mexico); and Phrynus (28, U.S.A. to N Brazil (only one, endemic) and one species in Africa).
2.16 ORDER SCHIZOMIDA ‣ (2:78/)300 spp. (SEE). Brazil has 6 genera (3 endemics) and 17 spp., all these endemics. Mexico has (10/)35 spp. (also by Francke, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Protoschizomidae ‣ (2/)11 spp. restricted from Mexico (all species) and southern U.S.A.
Schizomidae ‣ 76 genera (Wikipedia), 37 in New World; 32 are endemics to a single country: Mexico (9), Brazil (3, Adisomus, Naderiore, Cangazomus), Cuba (10), Belize (Belicenochrus), U.S.A. (Hubbardia), Puerto Rico (Luisarmasius), Venezuela (3), Colombia (2, Colombiazomus, Calima), Ecuador (Tayos) and Jamaica (1). 5 are widely distributed: Surazomus (24, 7 in Central America, 7 in Andes, 10 in Amazon, all these in Brazil); Rowlandius (62 spp., almost all in Caribbean except 4 in N & NE Brazil and one in Venezuela); Piaroa (9, Costa Rica to Venezuela); Hansenochrus (17, in Venezuela (4), Suriname (3), T.Tobago (3), Guyana (2), Panama (1), Dominica (1) and Costa Rica (3)); Stenochrus (10, Florida and Mexico to Ecuador, Brazil, Caribbean and Europe, 6 endemics to Mexico).
2.17 ORDER THELYPHONIDA ‣ (17/)125 spp. (Wikipedia, inc. Amauromastigon from Brazil, plus 10 news in Mastigoproctus and Amauromastigon) in a single family, eight genera occur in New World: Amauromasstigon (3, endemic to C & SE Brazil, SEE), Mastigoproctus (23, widely in tropical New World, 4 in Brazil, 10 in Mexico), Mayacentrum (3, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador), Mimoscorpius (1, Guatemala), Ravilops (2, Dom. Republic), Sheylayongium (1, Cuba), Thelyphonellus (4, Colombia to Suriname and N Brazil (1)), Valeriophonus (1, Costa Rica).
29.3 CHILOPODA CLASS ▸ 5 orders and (18:339/)c. 3,110 described species (Zhang, 2013). Outside Geophilomorpha, almost all families absents in Brazil are mutually disjunct in range. Brazil has (12:30/)134 spp. by CTFB. Mexico has (12:67/)162 spp. in Chilopoda.
3.1 ORDER CRATEROSTIGMOMORPHA ‣ only two species in a single family, Craterostigmidae, known only from Tasmania and New Zealand, one endemic each.
3.2 ORDER GEOPHILOMORPHA ‣ 7 families (following Bonato et al., Cladistics, 2013; data at America Latina from Foddai et al., Amazoniana, 2000). (16/)57 spp. in Brazil, (28/)61 spp. in Mexico
For a lists of all Geophilomorpha genera in Neotropical region and all Geophilomorpha from Brazilian Amazon, see D. Foddai et al. (Anales del Instituto de Biología, 2004)
Geophilidae (ca. 114/649, inc. Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, Macronicophilidae) - 43 genera in America Latina, 8 diffuse: Ribautia (northern South America), Aphilodon (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay), Macronicphilus (Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela), Eurytion (Argentina, Peru, Chile), Nesidiphilus (Caribbean, Central America), Pachymerium (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico), Polycricus (Mexico to Panama, Caribbean, Chile), Tuoba (Caribbean, Chile); 6 more restricteds: Argentina/Chile (2), Argentina/Uruguay (1), Mexico/Guatemala (1), Mexico/Brazil (1), Guatemala/Honduras (1); 29 locally restricteds: Chile (10), Mexico (6), Brazil (3), Caribbean (3), Panama (2), Ecuador (1), Cuba (1), Argentina (1), Peru (1), Guyana (1). Brazil has (8/)15 spp., Mexico (10/)32. AdditioNally, Brazil includes Plutogeophilus (SEE).
Mecistocephalidae (11/ca. 170) - only two genera in New World, Mecistocephalus (80, 5 in New World, U.S.A., Panama, Caribbean, Brazil, Clipperton Is., Venezuela), Tygarrup (15, Old World, one sp. in Guyana). 2 spp. in Brazil.
Oryidae (ca. 18/45) - (7/)17 spp. in New World, 3 in Brazil (Heniorya endemic), endemics in Chile (2), Pentorya in Venezuela and Old World, Titanophilus in Haiti, Venezuela and Peru. The unique luminescent Chilopoda is the pantropical Orphaneus brevilabiatus, Oryidae (Shimomura & Yampolsky, BOOK, 2019). 5 spp. in Brazil; a single species in Mexico.
Schendylidae (ca. 47/80, inc. Ballophyidae) - 29 genera in America Latina; Pectinunguis, Ityphilus and Schendylops widely in tropical New World, five more scattered: Ballophilus (Argentina, Peru, Puerto Rico), Dipeltmus (Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico, Colombia, Peru), Taeniolinum (Brazil, Panama, Caribbean), Zygethmus (Ecuador, Colombia), Nyctunguis (Mexico, Peru), all remaining locally restricteds: Mexico (4), Guatemala (3), Puerto Rico (3), Peru (2), Panama (2), Haiti (1), Bahamas (1), Ecuador (1), Venezuela (2), T.Tobago (1), Honduras (1). (4/)35 spp. in Brazil, (8/)14 in Mexico.
Schendylops oligopus Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1995 and S. ramirezi Pereira, 2013, both endemic to Brazil, are therefore the unique representative of the order Geophilomorpha characterized by having 27 pairs of legs; the latter is one of the smallest members in this group of centipedes with 6-7 mm long (Pereira, L.A., Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2013).
Gonibregmatidae (11/20, inc. Mexico, SEE, inc. Neogeophilidae and Eriphantidae) - 3 genera in America Latina, all endemics to Mexico (5).
Zelanophilidae (3/7) - Australasia.
Himantariidae (ca. 19/ca. 70) - Macaronesia through the Mediterranean region and Middle Asia to India, known also from the Korean Peninsula and Japan, as well as from western part of N America to Central Mexico, SEE); 10 spp. in America Latina, (6/)9 in Mexico (3 endemic genera) and Arcophilus gracilimus Verhoeff from Bolivia.
3.3 ORDER LITHOBIOMORPHA ‣ only two families:
Henicopidae - 22 genera based on Hollington & Edgecombe (Records of the Australian Museum, 2004), Faralieva, Zalesskaja & Edgecombe (Arthropoda Selecta, 2004) and Shear (Zootaxa, 2018): Pleotarsobius (1, Hawaii), Speleopsobius (1, U.S.A.), Buethobius (5, U.S.A.), Yobius (1, U.S.A.), Zygethobius (5, North America), Rhodobius (1, Greece), Dzhungaria (Khazakhstan), Ghilaroviella (Tajikistan), Cermatobius (6, Indonesia, Japan, Kirghizia, Taiwan in China), Hedinobius (1, China), Shikokuobius (1, Japan), Anopsobiella (1, Vietnam), Analamyctes (2, Argentina), Catanopsobius (1, Chile), Anopsobius (11, Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand), Lamyctopristus (7, South Africa, Angola, Algeria), Remilamyctes (1, Madagascar), Dichelobius (2, Australia, New Caledonia), Easonobius (2, New Caledonia), Henicops (5, Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia), Paralamyctes (Australia, New Zealand, southern South America, India, Madagascar, and South Africa) and Lamyctes (all continents except Antarctica and on many oceanic islands).
For Lamyctes, besides L. coeculus and L. emarginatus, few species occur in New World, namely in Peru (7), U.S.A. (6, inc. Hawaii), Chile (6), Mexico (2), Bolivia (2), Caribbean (2), Argentina (1) and Brazil (1, L. adisi Zalesskaja, 1994).
Lithobiidae (ca. 43/ca. 1,000). (25/)58 spp. in Mexico, by Cupul-Magaña (BIOCYT, 2009).
3.4 ORDER SCOLOPENDROMORPHA ‣ 21 to 23 segments (25 in a single species from T.Tobago, SEE); five families, three in Brazil: Cryptopidae (2/c. 170), Scolopendridae (21/ca. 420) and Scolopocryptopidae (8/ca. 80), and two absents, Mimopidae (1/1, endemic to China, ZooKeys) and Plutoniumidae (2/7, North America, S Europe and China, Di et al., Zootaxa, 2010). (3:11/)39 spp. in Mexico, in Cryptopidae (2/4), Scolopendridae (5/21) and Scolopocryptopidae (4/14), at Cupul-Magaña (BIOCYT, 2009). In Brazil, (1/)7 spp. in Cryptopidae, (7/)50 in Scolopendridae and (5/)29 in Scolopocryptopidae (CTFB).
Despite being quite popular, the ocurrance of the largest Chilopoda in Brazil is not correct. Scolopendra gigantea L., 1758, occurs in northern Colombia and Venezuela, on Trinidad, Isla Margarita, Curaçao, and Aruba (Shelley & Kiser, Tropical Zoology, 2000); the largest Chilopoda in Brazil is S. viridicornis Newport, 1844, which occurs throughout South America (Souza & Chagas Jr., Disseration, 2019); it is a very aggressive species, and has been recorded preying on bats (Noronha et al., Acta Amazonica, 2015).
3.5 ORDER SCUTIGEROMORPHA ‣ three families.
Pselliodidae, for which Wikipedia cites 6 spp. (SEE), however, based on Perez-Gelabert and Edgecombe (Novitates Caribaea, 2013), Würmli (Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 1978) and Stoev (Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 2002), Gonethella nesiotes from the Cayman Islands and Gonethina grenadensis from Grenada can be rejected; Gonethina fijiana Chamberlin 1920 is a possibly rejected species; of the remaining species, Sphendononema chagualensis (Kraus, 1957) is known only the type collection in Marañon Valley in Peru and S. guildingii (Newport, 1845) are widely in New World, while S. rugosa (Newport, 1844) is endemic to Africa.
Scutigerinidae (1/3, Scutigerina) in South Africa, Madagascar, Swaziland, Lesotho and Zimbabwe, by G. Giribet and G. D. Edgecombe, Invertebrate Systematics, 2003).
Scutigeridae (17/50), with 8 native species in New World: Dendrothereua linceci Wood, 1867 from Texas (U.S.A.) to Caribben and North Colombia (Edgecombe & Giribet, Cladistics, 2009; Jiménez & Amazonas Chagas-Jr, CheckList, 2022), Edgethereua (2, Argentina and Chile), Theruella peruana Charberlin, 1955 (Peru), Thereuoquima admirabilis Bücherl, 1949 (Brazil), Brasiloscutigera viridis Bücherl, 1939 (Brazil), S. parcespinosa Bücherl, 1949 (Brazil) and S. sanguinea Meinert, 1886 (Argentina), by Porta & Giribet (Invertebrate Systematic, 2024).
29.4 DIPLOPODA CLASS ▸ 7,753 spp. in 1,868 genera at 147 familes, by Zhang (Diplopoda). 146 families by FMNH (SEE), in 16 orders; near 11,000-12,000 spp. in over diversity. Number of species and complements by Sierwald & Bond (Pubmed, 2007). All data below folows FMHN. Golovatch & Kime (Soil Organisms, 2009) brings many observations about the group's ecological adaptations. Bioluminescent Diplopoda belongs 10 spp., one is Paraspirobolus lucifugus, Spirobolellidae from Japan and nine are Motyxia in Xyostodesmidae from W U.S.A. (Shimomura & Yampolsky, BOOK, 2019). Brazil has (22:162/)541 spp. (CTFB). Mexico has (117/)498 spp. (BOOK).
NO NEW WORLD ORDERS (2)
4.1 ORDER SIPHONOCRYPTIDA ‣ a single family and three spp., from SE Asia and Macaronesia.
4.2 ORDER SPHAEROTHERIDA ‣ two families, (23/)340 spp. from S Africa, Madagascar, S & SE Asia, Australia and New Zealand (Wikipedia).
NEW WORLD NON-BRAZIL ORDERS (6)
4.3 ORDER CALLIPODIDA ‣ 7 families and 201 spp., two families in New World (Abracionidae and Schizopetalidae), both from U.S.A. to northern Mexico ((5/)7 spp.), one of them up to Asia.
4.4 ORDER CHORDEUMATIDA ‣ 1,237 spp. in 49 families, 12 in New World: 11 in U.S.A. (six endemics), two of them up to Canada, one up to Alaska and Siberia, Cleidogonidae up to Panama, Trichopetalidae up to Mexico, and Eudigonidae endemic to Chile in South America. (4/)52 spp. in Mexico.
■ endemic families in New World: Eudigonidae (2/4, Chile, SEE), Adritylidae (1/3, U.S.A.), Apterouridae (1/2, U.S.A.), Branneriidae (1/2, U.S.A.), Buotidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Microlympiidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Urochordeumatidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
4.5 ORDER GLOMERIDA ‣ three families and 271 spp., all from southern Europe, Doderiidae up to Morocco, and Glomeridae also in SE Asia, and from California to Guatemala with (1/)12 spp. in Mexico.
4.6 ORDER JULIDA ‣ 16 families and c. 1,321 spp., 7 only in Old World, 5 endemics to U.S.A., 3 from U.S.A./Canada and other areas in Old World, and Parajulidae from Siberia to Guatemala, unique in Neotropics; (7/)17 spp. in Mexico.
■ endemic families in New World: Aprosphylosomatidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Chelojulidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Paeromopodidae (2/16, U.S.A.), Telsonemasomatidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Zosteractinidae (2/2, U.S.A.).
4.7 ORDER PLATYDESMIDA ‣ two families and 69 spp., Andrognathidae in U.S.A., Mexico (1/1), China, Japan, Italy, Greece and Portugal; and Platydesmidae from Mexico (1/10) to Panamá.4.8 ORDER SIPHONIULIDA ‣ order with only two species: Siphoniulus alba from E Sumatra island in Indonesia (known only two fragments), and S. neotropicus from S Mexico and Guatemala (Sierwald, Zool. Syst. Evol. Research, 2001).
BRAZILIAN ORDERS
4.9 ORDER GLOMERIDESMIDA ‣ two families and 28 spp. make up this order: Termitodesmidae from tropical Asia, and Glomeridesmidae, with a single genus with 26 spp. in Mexico (1), Central America, Caribbean, parts of Asia, N Brazil (Glomeridesmus spelaeus, from a cave in Pará state) and Ecuador.
4.10 ORDER PENICELLATA ‣ 4 families and 6-70 spp., one in Africa, Hypogexenidae endemic to Argentina, Lophoproctidae and Polyxenidae widely distributed, both in Brazil (Ishii, Amazoniana, 1999) and in Mexico (2/4). Brazil includes two Lophoproctidae (Ancistroxenus and Lophoturus one each) and Polyxenidae (4/8). Hypogexenidae possibly occur in Brazil (Sousa et al., International Journal of Speleology, 2021).
■ endemic families in New World: Hypogexenidae (1/1, Argentina).
4.11 ORDER POLYDESMIDA ‣ 28 families and 5,156 spp. In New World there are 16 families; in South America are 12, all in Brazil, Aphelidesmidae, Chelodesmidae, Cryptodesmidae, Cyrtodesmidae, Dalodesmidae, Fuhrmannodesmidae, Haplodesmidae, Oniscodesmidae, Paradoxosomatidae, Platyrhacidae, Pygrodesmidae, and a family endemic to Brazil, described in 2016, Dobrodesmidae (Shear et al., Zootaxa, 2016), known only from Ituaçu municipality, southern Bahia state.
■ endemic families in New World: Dobrodesmidae (1/1, Brazil), Dorsoporidae (1/1, Panamá), Tridontomidae (2/4, Guatemala).
4.12 ORDER POLYZONIIDA ‣ three families and 127 spp., Polizoniidae and Hirudisomatidae in northern Hemisphere (the latter up to Mexico), and Siphonotidae in South America, Africa, SE Asia and New Zealand, inc. Brazil; Eumillipes persephone, in the latter family, is endemic to Western Australia, has 1,306 legs, the species with the most legs on Earth and the first millipede discovered to have 1,000 legs or more (Wikipedia). In Mexico 2 spp. in 2 families. Native species of Polyzoniida in Brazil belong to the genera Siphonotus Brandt, 1837 and Burinia Attems, 1926 (Iniesta, L.F.M. et al., Pap. Avulsos Zool., 2021), the latter only from Brazil, South Africa and Chile (Golovatch, Russian Entomol., 2014).4.13 ORDER SIPHONOPHORIDA ‣ two families and 116 spp.: Siphonorhinidae with five genera, three in Asia and South Africa, Illacme in California (the second leggest animal of world, with 618 legs, Wikipedia) and Notorhinus in Chile (Novataxa); and Siphonophoridae, from 12 genera and c. 110 spp., widely in World, inc. Brazil ((3/)8 spp., Read H.J. & Enghoff H., European Journal of Taxonomy/2018, European Journal of Taxonomy/2019), with (2/)3 spp. in Mexico.4.14 ORDER SPIROBOLIDA ‣ 12 families and c. 1,248 spp., 9 in New World (7 in Mexico): 6 only from U.S.A. to Central America (Hoffmanobolidae and Typhlobolellidae endemics to Mexico and Floridobolidae endemic to U.S.A.), Spirobolidae from North America and Asia, and remaining two recorded for Brazil: Rhinocricidae and Spirobolellidae, both also in Mexico.
■ endemic families in New World: Hoffmanobolidae (1/1, Mexico), Typhlobolellidae (5/6, Mexico), Floridobolidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
4.15 ORDER SPIROSTREPTIDA ‣ 12 families and 1,894 spp., only four in New World, one endemic to U.S.A., Cambalidae for U.S.A., Mexico, Belize, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia and Chile, Pseudonannolenidae and Spirostreptidae in many areas in New World, Africa to Arabia, both in Brazil. For notes of biogeography of Pseudonannolenidae (absent in U.S.A. and Mexico), see Iniesta & Ferreira (Zootaxa, 2014). Mexico includes 37 spp. in Spirostreptidae (68 in Brazil) and 4 in Cabalidae.
■ endemic families in New World: Choctellidae (1/2, U.S.A.).
4.16 ORDER STEMMIULIDA ‣ a single family, Stemmiulidae, with 124 spp., from New Guinea, Indonesia, southeast Asia, central Africa and Central and South America; in Brazil has only 4 spp., all endemics, three in Amazonas and one in Pará state (Iniesta & Ferreira, Zootaxa, 2015). In Mexico 3 spp. in single genus.
29.5 PAUROPODA CLASS ▸ by U. Scheller (Internation Journal of Myriapodology, 2008), Pauropoda has two orders and nine families, with 784 spp.; both subfamilies occur in Brazil, with 6 genera and 50 spp. in country (CTFB).
5.1 ORDER HEXAMEROCERATA ‣ a single family.
Millotauropodidae ‣ composed only by the genus Millotauropus, with 8 spp. in Japan, Brazil (M. acostae, unique record in New World), Africa to Madagascar and Seychelles.
5.2 ORDER TETRAMEROCERATA ‣ eight families, 40 genera and 774 spp.; in the New World it is represented by 5 families. Sphaeropauropodidae (12) occur only in Old World. Brazil has three families.
Amphipauropodidae ‣ only Amphipauropus, with two spp., from Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and Japan.
Brachypauropodidae ‣ (6/)25 spp.; three genera has members in New World, all only U.S.A.
Diplopauropodidae ‣ two genera, Diplopauropus (2, U.S.A., Virgin Is. one ach) and Adelphopauropus (1, endemic to Manaus region in N Brazil, vide Scheller Zootaxa, 2013).
Eurypauropodidae ‣ (5/)51 spp., only Eurypauropus (5, U.S.A., Japan) in New World.
Hansenauropodidae ‣ (3/)6 spp., Caribbean and Old World; absent in mainland New World.
Pauropodidae ‣ (21/)655 spp.:
14 genera in New World, Allopauropus (103, subcosmopolitan inc. Brazil), Decapauropus (354, subcosmopolitan inc. Brazil), Pauropus (51, subcosmopolitan), Desmopauropus (1, U.S.A.), Perisopauropus (4, Africa, Brazil and Chile), Juxtapauropus (9, Israel, Morocco, Jamaica, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and New Zealand), Propepauropus (1, U.S.A.), Stylopauropus (23, Europe and northern Africa to SE Asia, Canada, U.S.A.), Donzelotauropus (Northern Hemisphere), Stylopauropoides (16, Brazil, Argentina, Crozet, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia), Rabaudauropus (5, Chile, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Mauritius, Seychelles, Japan, Marocco, France, Romania, Greece), Cauvetauropus (5, Brazil, France, Sri Lanka, Maghreb, Ivory Coast, Madagascar), Hemipauropus (19, Jamaica, Colombia, Brazil, Caribbean, Italy, Greece, Sri Lanka, New Caledonia, Guam, Madagascar, Mauritius, mainland Africa) and Scleropauropus (15, Brazil, Mexico, U.S.A., Europe, Madagascar, mainly Africa). Nine of the 14 New World genera occur in Brazil.
7 genera only in Old World, Ferepauropus (2, Sierra Leone and New Caledonia), Afropauropus (Guinea), Nesopaurpus (6, Gabon, Seychelles, Sri Lanka), Hystrichopauropus (France), Eburniopauropus (2, Ivory Coast), Colinauropus (2, Japan and Reunion) and Multipauropus (Greece).
Polypauropodidae ‣ three genera: Polypauropus (15, Brazil, Argentina, U.S.A., Europe, mainly Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Sri Lanka, Australia), Fagepauropus (2, Canada, Morocco, Mongolia, Japan, Gambia) and Polypauropoides (12, USA, Brazil, Argentina, France, Ivory Coast, Mauritius, Sri Lanka).
29.6 SYMPHYLA CLASS ▸ no order, two families and 197 spp.; data from Camacho (Dissertation, 2010); species in Brazil (10) follows CTFB. Mexico has (5/)15 spp.(GBIF). Based on Scheller (Amazonia, 1992), South America includes Scolopendrellopsis (4, Brazil (2), Argentina (2), Paraguay (1)), Symphyllela (6, Argentina (3), Brazil (2), Venezuela (2), Paraguay (1)), Ribautiella (1, Brazil), Scutigerella (1, Argentina and Chile), and Hanseniella (8, Brazil (5), Argentina (4), Venezuela (2), all remainig only one each). For some species descriptions in Brazil, see Scheller (Amazoniana, 2007).
Scolopendrellidae ‣ (9/)73 spp.; in the New World it is composed of Geophilella (2, Europe and North America), Ribautiella (9, 8 in Africa and one in Brazil, SEE), Scolopendrellopsis (15, subcosmopolitan, Brazil and Mexico two each) and Symphyllela (40, subcosmopolitan, two in Brazil, 3 in Mexico).
Scutigerellidae ‣ (5/)124 spp.; in the New World it is composed of Hanseniella (c. 80, subcosmopolitan, 5 in Brazil, 3 in Mexico), Scopoliella (1, endemic to Mexico, possibly in Colombia, SEE) and Scutigerella (35, subcosmopolitan, absent in Brazil, 6 in Mexico).
29.7 OSTRACODA CLASS ▸ 54 families, (798/)7,577 spp. (Zhang, 2013). Brazil has 365 spp. in 147 genera at 39 families (CTFB). In the Mexican seas, 883 species have been reported, 506 for the Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean, and 418 for the Pacific Ocean, although 45% are probably synonymies (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).
SUBCLASS MYODOCOPA
7.1 ORDER MYODOCOPIDA ‣ 5 families, (27/)868 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
7.2 ORDER HALOCYPRIDA ‣ 3 families, (72/)393 spp. (Zhang, 2013).SUBCLASS PODOCOPA
7.3 ORDER PLATYCOPIDA ‣ a single family, (6/)126 spp. (Zhang, 2013).7.4 ORDER PALAEOCOPIDA ‣ a single family, (2/)3 spp. (Zhang, 2013).7.5 ORDER PODOCOPIDA ‣ 44 families, (691/)6,187 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
29.8 MYSTACOCARIDA CLASS ▸ a single order and 13 spp. (Wikipedia/Oligostraca).
8.1 ORDER MYSTACOCARIDIDA ‣ only two genera in a single family Derocheilocarididae: Ctenocheilocaris (5 spp., one species from the coastline of Chile, three species from Brazil, and one species from Western Australia) and Derocheilocaris (8 spp., E North America, SW coast of Europe to Africa and Israel), by Olesen (BOOK, 2020).
SUBCLASS BRANCHUIRA
9.1 ORDER ARGULLOIDEA ‣ data from Aguiar et al. (Zootaxa, 2017); a single family, 173 spp. (Wikipedia) in four genera: Argulus, Chonopeltis, Dipteropeltis and Dolops, primarily ectoparasites of freshwater fish (c. 70% of diversity), but in some exceptional cases specimens have been found attached to marine fishes, and more rarely still, to amphibians and reptiles; Neotropical region has one of the highest diversity of species and, with the exception of A. peruvianus (endemic to coast of Peru near Callao), all the remaining species occur in freshwater; 31 spp. have been reported using freshwater fish as hosts in South America. In Brazil occur three of the four genera (Chonopeltis is found only in Africa), with 22 spp. (6 endemics). One genus and six spp. in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).
SUBCLASS PENTASTOMIDA
Here, besides two-family classification of Zhang et al 1., we follows Christoffersen and De Assis (Zoologische Mededelingen, 2013) in classificaton of Pentastomida (131 spp. in 25 genera). Brazil has the largest diversity of this group in New World, with (11/)24 spp. (5 endemics) in 7 families.
9.2 ORDER CEPHALOBAENIDA ‣ two spp., one valid (Cephalobaena recurvocaudata Motta, from snakes of South America) and other doubtful (Bothropsiella bicornuta Cavalieri, known only a female collected in a snake form Argentina), both in the single family Cephalobaenidae.
9.3 ORDER RAILLIETIELLIDA ‣ two genera (one endemic to Australia) and 42 spp./subspp. in a single family, Raillietiellidae. Raillitiella has 12 spp. in New World, 7 in Brazil (2 endemics); Brazilian absents species are from North America (2, one also in Madagascar), Puerto Rico, Mexico and Colombia one endemic each.
9.4 ORDER REIGHARDIIDA ‣ 3 spp. in two genera of a single family Reighhardiidae; only a single species in New World, the cosmopolitan Reighardia sternae, collected mainly in sea birds, in Brazil in sacs of Larus dominicus.9.5 ORDER POROCEPHALIDA ‣ 84 spp. and subespecies in 19 genera of 4 families; all families, and all eight genera of New World (Sambonia, cited in work for Uruguay, is now Porocephalus crotali by cited data in Carbajal-Márquez, Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2018) occur in Brazil (15 spp., 3 endemics) - Brazilian absents species are three in Caribbean, two in Mexico, one only in U.S.A., and one in Crocodylus acutus range, from northern South America to Florida, Central America and Caribbean.
29.10 HEXANAUPLIA CLASS ▸ (297:2,320/)17,333 spp. worldwide (Zhang, 2013) in three subclasses (Wikipedia/Hexanauplia). 19 nominal orders within Copepoda and Thecostraca plus Tantulocadida and Facetotecna unplaced genus.
INFRACLASS PLATYCOPIIDA
10.1 PLATYCOPIOIDA ‣ (4/)11 spp. in a single family from Bermudas, Barents Sea, North Sea, E North America, Bahamas, Mauritania and Japan (Wikipedia).
INFRACLASS NEOCOPEPODA
10.2 ORDER CALANOIDA ‣ (46:332/)3,141 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
10.3 MISOPHRIOIDA ‣ (3:16/)37 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
10.4 ORDER CYCLOPOIDA ‣ (89:/684)4,165 spp. (Zhang, 2013; (20/)30 spp. unplaced).
10.5 GELYELLOIDA ‣ (1/)2 spp. in groundwater in karstic areas of southern France and western Switzerland (Wikipedia).
10.6 MORMONILLOIDA ‣ (2/)5 spp. in a single family, widely in Atlantic Ocean, Pacific and Meditteraneam Basin (WoRMS), inc. records of Mormonilla phasma Giesbrecht, 1891 in Rio Grande do Norte state, NE Brazil (Araújo & Neumann-Leitão, Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 2015).
10.7 ORDER HARPACTICOIDA ‣ (58:/645)5,967 spp. (Zhang, 2013; (8/)12 spp. unplaced).
10.8 ORDER SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA ‣ (41:349/)2,466 spp. (Zhang, 2013; (8/)12 spp. unplaced).
■ endemic families in New World: Codoboidae (1/1, South Georgia, UK).
10.9 MONSTRILLOIDA ‣ a single family, (6/)156 spp. (Zhang, 2013), (4/)14 in Brazil, by Suárez-Morales, E. et al. (Zoologia, 2024).
SUBCLASS TANTULOCARIDA ‣ (5:23/)38 spp., unplaced in a order. Tantulocaridans as a whole have been reported with a worldwide distribution but only four species collected in all New World waters (A. S. Petrunina & R. Huys (Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2020, a list of all species worldwide): Tantulacus coroniporus and Aphotocentor kolbasovi (Cumoniscidae) in Atlantic Ocean (specifically from the Argentinian abyssal plain and the Campos Basin, off SE Brazil, respectively), Basipodella harpacticola and Rimitantulus hirsutus in Pacific Ocean (Peru-Chie trench, and Galapagos islands, Ecuador); six species also occur in Drake passage; this sources includes the citation of the world's smallest arthropod, Serratotantulus chertoprudae, with a total body length of only 76 micrometres, or ~1/14 of a milimeter, from Indian Ocean.
FACETOTECNA
10.10 FACETOTECNA unplaced genus ‣ (1:1/)11 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
ASCOTHORACICA
10.11 ORDER DENDROGASTRIDA ‣ (3:8/)50 spp. (Zhang, 2013).10.12 ORDER LAURIDA ‣ (3:15/)57 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
ACROTHORACICA
10.13 ORDER CRYPTOPHIALIDA ‣ (1:2/)20 spp. (Zhang, 2013).10.14 ORDER LITHOGLYPTIDA ‣ (2:9/)43 spp. (Zhang, 2013).RHIZOCEPHALA
10.15 ORDER AKENTROGONIDA ‣ (6:16/)32 spp. (Zhang, 2013).10.16 ORDER KENTROGONIDA ‣ (3:24/)222 spp. (Zhang, 2013).THORACICA
10.17 ORDER IBLIFORMES ‣ (2:5/)8 spp. (Zhang, 2013).10.18 ORDER LEPADIFORMES ‣ (9:22/)119 spp. (Zhang, 2013).10.19 ORDER SCALPELIFORMES ‣ (5:45/)329 spp. (Zhang, 2013).10.20 ORDER SESSILIA ‣ (16:111/)454 spp. (Zhang, 2013).
29.11 MALACOSTRACA CLASS ▸ 18 orders, mainly shrimp-like organisms. Includes all Brazilian cave species. In Brazil occur (260:815/)1,871 spp. (CTFB). Brazil has the largest number of orders worldwide, 15; the exceptions are Anaspidacea, Thermosbaenaceae and Mictacea.
Here we estimate (605:6,214/)40,462 spp. worldwide spp., based on data from Zhang (2013), subtracting data from the other 7 clades traditionally designated as Crustacea listed in this text.
Ingolfiellida, inside Amphipoda here, is sometimes placed a in a own order (Lowry & Miers, Zootaxa, 2017).
11.1 ORDER LEPTOSTRACA ‣ three families, 6 genera and 44 spp. List of all species with distribution is found in Wikipedia/Leptostraca. Some Nebalia occur in Brazil (Wakabara, Crustaceana, 1965). Only two occur in Mexico, both endemic to Gulf of Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).
11.2 ORDER STOMATOPODA ‣ 17 families, 115 genera and c. 450 spp. (Zhang et al.); in Brazil occur c. 40 spp. among 9 families (Silva, Dissertation, 2011).
11.4 ORDER DECAPODA ‣ two higher clades. For freshwater decapods in South America, see Kawai (Diversity, Distribution and Conservation of Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps in South America, pg. 10, 2016). For deep-sea Decapods in Brazil (below 500m), see Cardoso et al (BOOK, 2021), which lists 181 species of the two decapod suborders: Dendrobranchiata (32) and Pleocyemata (149); from the Pleocyemata eight out of the ten decapod infraorders were represented: 68 species of carideans; 31 of anomurans, 36 of brachyurans, 5 species of Astacidea and Polychelidae, 2 species of Achelata, Stenopodidea and Axiidea one species each. Exceptions are Procaridoidea, Glypheidae and Gebiidea.
Mexico includes (114:536/)1,776 spp. of Decapoda, 1,597 marine and 177 freshwater (Álvarez et al., Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014, [HM], excludes Parastacidae citation, and Kawai & Cumberlidge, BOOK, 2014, [KC]). Brazil has (98:419/)1,003 spp. (CTFB), 99 in freshwater and 904 in coast.
DENDROBRACHIATA ‣ (7:)530 spp. (Wikipedia; [HM]), sister of remaining Decapoda (Pleocyemata); shrimp-likes, all in marine habitats except the center South American Acetes paraguayensis (Sergestidae; this genus includes also marine species), only Dendrobranchiata known in the world that inhabits totally fresh water (Sergestidae, Planeta Invertebrados). (38/)65 spp. in Brazil, in all families (CTFB); see also Costa et al., Biota Neotropica, 2003); (33/)102 spp. in Mexico ([HM]).
STENOPODIDAE ‣ (13/)92 spp. (Bochini et al., Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2020) in 3 families (Wikipedia). (4/)6 spp. in Brazil in two families (three, if Macromaxillocarididae be considered including Chicosciencea and Microprosthema): Chicosciencea pernambucensis Bochini, Cunha, Terossi & Almeida, 2020 (endemic to Brazil), Microprosthema semilaeve von Martens, 1872 (Bahamas to Bahia, Brazil) in Spongicolidae; and 4 in Stenopodidae: Stenopus hispidus Olivier, 1811 from SE U.S.A. to SE Brazil, also Pacific Panamá; S. scutellatus Rankin, 1898 from SE U.S.A. to NE Brazil (Ramos-Porto & Coelho, Sér. Ci. Aquat., 1998), Odontozona lopheliae Goy & Cardoso from coast off SE Brazil, coast of SE U.S.A., and Gulf of Mexico, and O. meloi Anker & Tavares from coast off SE Brazil, 2013 (Goy & Cardoso, Zootaxa, 2014). (2:3/)7 spp. in Mexico ([HM]).
■ endemic families in New World: Macromaxillocarididae (1/1, Bahamas).
PROCARIDOIDEA ‣ a single genus and family, Procaris, with 6 spp., from Mexico, Hawaii, Bermuda, Ascencion and Christmas Is. (Wikipedia).
CARIDEA ‣ true shrimps; 14 superfamilies (15 by Wikipedia). (25:86/)275 spp. families in Brazil, (22:106/)430 in Mexico ([HM]). Agostocarididae, Alvinocarididae, Disciadidae, Stylodactylidae, Anchistioididae and Gnathophyllidae are Mexican non Brazilian; Lysmatidae, Merguiidae, Merhippolytidae, Thoridae, Disciadidae, Pseudochelidae, Campylonotidae, Acanthephyridae, Euryrhynchidae are Brazilian non Mexican.
14 families worldwide occur in freshwater, with c. 665 spp. (Balian, 2008), five of them in New World.
Xiphocarididae (1/1-2) is endemic to Caribbean and records in Venezuela (SEE).
Alpheidae, mostly marine, except for a few freshwater species in the circumtropical genera Potamalpheops and Alpheus, including one Mexican freshwater species (P. stygicola Hobbs, 1973b) from two caves in northern Oaxaca [KC].
Euryrhynchidae (3/9), with Euryrhynchus in South America (7, Colombia to French Guiana, Peru and Brazil (all but E. tomasi, from Venezuela and Guyana, 3 endemics), see Gurgel, Dissertation, 2016) and the African monotypics Euryrhynchina and Euryrhynchoides.
Atyidae, with (4/)10 spp. in South America: Micratya and Jonga endemic to Caribbean Basin up to Mexico, Costa Rica and Panamá (see Torati et al., ChekList, 2011); Potimirim and Atya also in mainland South America, both in Brazil (2 and 3 spp. in country, respectively, Planeta Invertebrados). (4/)11 in Mexico [KC]. In New World out South America occur Typhlatya (Wikipedia).
Palaemonidae (inc. Kakaducarididae, Short et al., Invertebrate Systematics, 2013) has 10 freshwater genera in New World, 4 of them (Cryphiops, Macrobrachium, Palaemon and Pseudopalaemon, see Planeta Invertebrados) and 53 spp. in South America - (4/)30 of them in Brazil; in Mexico occur (6/)35 spp. in Cryphiops, Macrobrachium, Creaseria, Palaemonetes, Neopalaemon and Troglomexicanus [KC]. Troglocubanus is endemic to Cuba, and the monotypic Calathaemon (ex Kakaducarididae) is endemic to Texas, U.S.A.
■ endemic families in New World: Anchialocarididae (1/1, Mexico).
GLYPHEIDEA ‣ (2/)2 spp. known only by 18 specimens collected in Timor Sea, Philippines and Coral Sea (Wikipedia).
ACHELATA ‣ marine lobsters.
A single family occur in Brazil: Palinuridae (4/6), by Cruz et al. (Diversity, 2021). (2/)8 spp. in Mexico [HM].
POLYCHELIDA ‣ marine lobsters.
Two families in Brazil: Scyllaridae (4/8) and Polychelidae (1/4), totaling (5/)12 spp. in in over coast (Cruz et al., Diversity, 2021). (10/)16 spp. in Mexico [HM].
ASTACIDAE ‣ these groups includes some marine lobsters and freshwater crayfishes.
Two lobster families at this suborder occur in Brazil: Nephropidae (3/6) and Enoplometopidae (1/1), totaling (4/)7 spp. in in over coast (Cruz et al. (Diversity, 2021). (4/)7 spp. in Mexico at Nephropidae [HM].
Freshwater crayfishes includes three Astacidea families: Astacidae (6/39) has (5/)31 spp. in Asia, and Pacifascatcus (6) in North America; Cambarididae (12/445) has Cambaroides with 7 spp. in Asia, and remaining diversity from Canada to Mexico (2/56 [HM]); Parastacidade (15/c. 300) has 10 genera are found in Australia, some up to New Guinea; the remaining genera are restricted distribution: New Zealand (1/2), Madagascar (1/9) and South America (3/14, in southern Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil).
By Huber (Dissertation, 2018), South American genera are Parastacus (16 spp., two in Chile and 14 in Brazil, some up to NE Argentina and Uruguay), Samastacus (2, NW Argentina and C Chile) and Virilastacus (4, Chile). Planeta Invertebrados lists 14 spp. of crayfishes in Brazil (SEE, with personal pages for somes species), except two new additions (Huber et al., Zootaxa, 2022).
AXIIDEA ‣ this group is not detailed in the CTFB; here we adopt the Coelho et al. (Zootaxa, 2017, [ZY]) reference for it, with complements for each family. In total, Brazil has (5:17/)25 spp. (7:22/)45 in Mexico [HM].
Axiidae (inc. Calocarididae) - (5/)7 in Brazil [ZY]; (6/)13 in Mexico [HM].
Callianassidae (in Callichiridae) - (7/)12 in Brazil [ZY; updates in Mantellato et al., Zootaxa, 2022]; (11/)24 in Mexico [HM].
Callianideidae - absent in Brazil [ZY]; (1/)1 in Mexico [HM].
Ctenochelidae - (3/)3 in Brazil [ZY]; (1/)1 in Mexico [HM].
Eiconaxiidae - (1/)1 in Brazil [Ramos-Porto et al., Biota Neotropica, 2008]; (1/)4 in Mexico [HM].
Gourretiidae - absent in Brazil [ZY]; (1/)1 in Mexico [HM].
Micheleidae - (1/)2 in Brazil [ZY]; absent in Mexico [HM].
Strahlaxiidae - Pacific and Indico Oceans; in New World, from Mexico (1/1, [HM]) to Costa Rica.
GEBIIDEA ‣ this group is not detailed in the CTFB; here we adopt the Coelho et al. (Zootaxa, 2017, [ZY]) reference for it, with complements for each family. In total, Brazil has (2:3/)11 spp. (2:3/)19 in Mexico [HM].
Laomediidae (inc. Axianassidae) - (1/)1 in Brazil [ZY]; (1/)2 in Mexico [HM].
Thalassinidae - absent in Brazil and Mexico.
Upogebiidae - (2/)10 in Brazil [ZY]; (2/)17 in Mexico [HM].
ANOMURANS ‣ 19 families (16 exclusivelly marine), including hernit crabs and allies, some similar to true crabs. (13:51/)181 spp. in Brazil (CTFB). (14:75/)340 in Mexico [HM]. Mexican families Galatheidae and Coenobitidae does not occur in Brazil; Brazilian family Aeglidae does not occur in Mexico.
In inland occur only in three groups, Aeglidae, a isolated species Clibanarius fonticola (Wikipedia), endemic to Vanuatu, in Oceania; and Coenobitidae (c. 15), with two spp. in New World: Coenobita compressus H. Milne-Edwards from Pacific coast up to Chile (Wikipedia), and C. clypeatus Fabricius from Caribbean region, Colombia and Venezuela (Wikipedia), totally absent in Brazil (Lemaitre & Tavares, Zootaxa, 2015).
Among Aeglidae, Aegla, the only extant genus in the family, contains 87 species from Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Brazil (55), Paraguay and Uruguay, two are found exclusively in lakes (both in Chile), four in caves (all in SE Brazil), and the remaining 81 are found mainly in rivers (Trombetta et al., Zootaxa, 2019).
BRACHYURA ‣ true crabs (see CRAB DATABASE); c. 7,000 spp. in 98 families (Wikipedia). (49:206/)406 spp. in Brazil (CTFB). (51:272/)740 in Mexico [HM]. Mexican families Dynomenidae, Bythograeidae, Cancridae, Oregoniidae, Atelecyclidae, Trapeziidae, Hexapodidae, Goneplacidae, Oziidae, Ucididae and Glyptograpsidae does not occur in Brazil; Brazilian families Belliidae, Cymonomidae, Platyxanthidae, Latreilliidae, Hymenosomatidae, Carcinidae, Geryonidae, Pseudoziidae and Trichopeltariidae does not occur in Mexico.
For freshwater crabs, eight families are known, only two in New World, Trichodactylidae and Pseudotelphusidae, with 311 spp. in region (Neil Cumberlidge et al., ZooKeys, 2014); the largest diversities are Colombia (21/102), being Pseudothelphusidae (15/90, six endemic genera) and Trichodactylidae (9/15); and Mexico with (16/)67 spp., all endemics, in Pseudothelphusidae (14/61, nine endemic genera) and Trichodactylidae (2/5), plus two new genera at Moreno-Juaréz, Phytotaxa, 2022.
At 2020 (by Campos et al., Nauplius, 2020) Colombia is considered the most species-rich country for freshwater crabs (109, 86 endemics) in South America and the second worldwide after China (243).
Brazil is the third most species-rich Neotropical country (16/50, 17 endemics) with a fauna that is dominated by Trichodactylidae (10/31 species, 2 subfamilies), and fewer Pseudothelphusidae (6/19 species, all Pseudothelphusinae/Kingsleyini). Brazil has 2✕ as many Trichodactylidae as Colombia, which in turn has more than 4✕ more Pseudotelphusidae tham our country.
New species added to Brazil after Cumberlidge (2014) were: Fredius beccarii (Zanetti et al., Nauplius, 2018), F. ibiapaba (Santos et al., PeerJ, 2020), Kingsleya parnaiba (Pralon et al, Nauplius, 2020), K. attenboroughi (Pinheiro & Santana, Zootaxa, 2016) and K. castrensis (M. Pedraza et al., Zoologia, 2015). By Planeta Invertebrados, with individual page for many species, Brazil has 58 spp. in 17 genera.
■ endemic families in New World: Garthopiulmnidae (1/1, Ecuador).
11.5 ORDER BATHYNELLACEA ‣ order with two freshwater families, by Lopreto & Morrone (Zoologica Scripta, 1998):
Bathynellidae has 19 genera, 4 in New World: Austrobathynella (subantarctic areas, only a single species in Argentina at region), Bathynella (cosmopolitan, only Chile in region, with 2 spp.), Nannobathynella (2, one in SE Brazil, another in Africa); and Pacifibathynella (W North America and E Asia).
Parabathynellidae has 28 genera, 12 in New World (11 in South America, 19 spp. in region): Atopobathynella (4, 1 in Chile and 3 in Oceania), Brasilibathynella (1 sp., endemic to Brazil), Chilibathynella (2, Chile and Australia one each), Ctenobathynella (6, 1 in Brazil, 4 in Africa, 1 in Israel), Hexabathynella (10, Brazil, Argentina, Madagascar, New Zealand one each, 4 in Europe and 2 in Australia), Iberobathynella, Leptobathynella (2, Brazil, one up to Argentina and Paraguay), Noodtibathynella (2, Brazil and Argentina one each), Odontobathynella (1, endemic to Brazil), Parvulobathynella (3, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay one each), Psallidobathynella (1, Venezuela) and Thermobathynella (2, one in Brazil, another in Africa), all but Iberobathynella in South America. (8/)9 spp. in Brazil.
11.6 ORDER ANASPIDACEA ‣ by Lopreto & Morrone (Zoologica Scripta, 1998), a order with 5 families (three endemic to Australia) and 11 genera; Stygocarididae has 4 genera, Oncostygocaris (1) and Parastygocaris (2) endemics to Chile and Argentina, respectively, in South America, Stygocarella endemic to New Zealand and Stygocaris (3) in Chile, SE Australia, and New Zealand, one species in each country. Order absent in Brazil; Patagonaspididae has a single species, endemic to Argentina (Peralta, Zootaxa, 2014).
■ endemic families in New World: Patagonaspididae (1/1, Argentina).
11.7 ORDER EUPHAUSIACEA ‣ this order has two families (Wikipedia): Euphausiidae (10/c. 85 spp.) and Bentheuphausiidae (Bentheuphausia amblyops, a bathypelagic krill living in deep waters below 1,000 m), both in Brazil with 30 spp. (Gibbons et al, South Atlantic Zooplankton, 1999; for six Brazilian genera, see Demoner, Thesis, 2017). 4 genera not occur in Brazil: Meganyctiphanes (1, North Carolina/Mauritania line nortwards in Northern Atlantic, SEE), Nyctiphanes (Pacific coast of North and South America, SW Africa Atlantic, northern Europe, southern Australia, SEE), Pseudeuphausia (2, Somalia to Australia in Indic Ocean, Japan to New Caledonia in Pacific Ocean, SEE) and Tessarabrachion (1, Japan to California in northern Pacific, SEE). For some notes for possibly new species in Atlantic Ocean, see Kulagin, D.N. et al (Invertebrate Systematics, 2023).
11.8 ORDER THERMOSBAENACEA ‣ (4:7/)34 spp. (Wikipedia); primarily marine although only 5 of the species known are euhaline, living in lava tubes or in the interstices between submersed coarse sand grains, volcanic tephra or coral rubble (Balian, 2008). In New World occur only Halosbaena (5, Halosbaenidae, one in New World, from Venezuela and Curazao), Tulumella (unique genus in Tulumellidae, with two spp. from Bahamas and one in Mexico) and Thetysbaena (Monodellidae, 23 spp., genus with 9 spp. from Spain to Somalia, 13 in Caribbean and one in Texas).11.9 ORDER LOPHOGASTRIDA ‣ 56 spp. in nine genera in three families (Wikipedia); in Brazil at least two families was collected: Neognathophausia ingens in Lophogastridae, and Gnathophausia zoea in Gnathophausiidae (Serejo et al., BOOK, 2007), from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul; few informations about Eucopiidae (10). Absent in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).11.10 ORDER MYSIDA ‣ order with 4 families (Lepidomysidae, Mysidae, Petalophthalmidae and Stygiomysidae), 199 genera and 1,190 spp. (Zhang et al., 2013). c. 80 are freshwater, nine in Brazil, in two genera: Parvimysis e Surinamysis (Planeta Invertebrados). In marine habitat, Brazil has 31 spp. in 14 genera of Mysidae (Miyashita, Thesis, 2014). 23 spp. occur in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).
11.11 ORDER INGOLFIELLIDA ‣ 46 spp. in two families, Metaingolfiellidae and Ingolfiellidae, worldwide, 5 in South America, all in Ingolfiella Hansen, 1903 (Rodriguez, M. et al, Zootaxa, 2017): Ingolfiella uspallatae Noodt, 1965 (Argentina), I. manni Noodt, 1961 (Chile), I. ruffoi Siewing, 1958 (Peru, SEE), I. rocaensis Senna & Serejo, 2005 (unique record of Ingolfiellida in Brazil, from Rocas Atoll, Senna & Serejo, Zootaxa, 2005), and Yacana ventania (E Argentina).
11.12 ORDER AMPHIPODA ‣ group with c. 9,100-10,000 spp. at 190 families, c. 1,870 spp. in freshwater (Balian, 2008), in 53 families and 293 genera, but only 27 families are strictly limited to continental waters.
Brazil has (71:176/)376 spp. at CTFB (SEE). Six suborders make up order Amphipoda, all in Brazil except Hyperiopsidea and Pseudingolfiellidea.
AmphilochideaColomastigidea ‣ first record of Colomastigidea in Brazil was Colomastix trispinosa (Novataxa, 2019).HyperiideaPseudingolfiellidea ‣ only a small freshwater family known only from South America and some subantarctic islands, SEE).Senticaudata ‣ belonging this group, the only family of Amphipoda with terrestrial representatives is the Talitridae, with four spp. along the Brazilian coast: the three Brazilian endemics Chelorchestia darwinii Müller, 1864, Atlantorchestoidea brasiliensis Dana, 1853 and Talorchestia tucurauna Müller, 1864; and the Atlantic Platorchestia monodi Mateu et al., 1986 (Serejo, Zootaxa, 2004)
Serejo e Siqueira (Zootaxa, 2018) lists (56:142/)303 spp. distributed in the suborders Amphilochidea and Senticaudata and Ingolfiellida that have been described or reported for the Brazilian coast and continent.
C. Fiser et al. (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2013) cites 10 families in freshwater habitats in South America: Bogidiellidae, Hyalellidae (as Dogielinotidae), these also cited in Balian (2008); Falklandellidae, Pseudingolfiellidae and Seborgidae, new families described in Lowry & Miers (Zootaxa, 2012); Corophiidae and Phreatogammaridae, these cited in Balian (2008) for other areas but not mentioned for South America; and Mesogammaridae and Paraleptamphopidae, these fully not found in Balian (2008). All of these except Falklandellididae and Dogielinotidae have a transoceanic distribution and South American members they are from subterranean waters.
There are 35 non-marine amphipods reported from Brazil, 22 only in caves. Mesogammaridae and Seborgidae are very high disjunct and relictual families, known in Neotropics only from freshwater caves in Rio Grande do Norte state in NE Brazil (C. Fiser et al. (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2013). Hyalella imbya Rodrigues & Bueno, known only in a small area in W Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil, is the first hypothelminorheic Crustacea from South America (Stella Gomes Rodrigues et al., ZooKeys, 2012).
■ endemic families in New World: Allocrangonyctidae (1/2, U.S.A.), Miramarassidae (1/1, Cuba), Magnoviidae (1/1, Brazil).
11.13 ORDER MICTACEA ‣ a single family, genus and species, Mictocaris halope, endemic to anchialine caves in Bermuda, and grows up to 3.5 mm long (Wikipedia).
■ endemic families in New World: Mictocarididae (1/1, Bermudas).
11.14 ORDER BOCHUSACEA ‣ a single family, Hirsutiidae, possibly a part of a wider Mictacea; it comprises five species in three genera: Hirsutia bathyalis (depth of 1000 m at 300 km off coast of Suriname, Sanders et al., Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1985), H. sandersetalia (depth of 1500 m in the South Pacific, off SE Australia), Thetispelecaris remex (anchialine and marine caves in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas), T. yurikago (in submarine cave on Grand Cayman Island) and Montucaris distincta (619–778 m depth off coast of SE Brazil), by D. Jaume et al. (ZJLS, 2006).
11.15 ORDER SPELEOGRIPHACEA ‣ a fully freshwater group; order with 4 spp. in three genera of a single family, Spelaeogriphidae: Potiicoara in W Brazil, Mangkurtu in W Australia and Spelaeogriphus in South Africa (Balian, 2008); Brazilian member is the obligatory subterranean species Potiicoara brasiliensis, known only caves from SW Mato Grosso and W Mato Grosso do Sul states.
11.16 ORDER TANAIDACEA ‣ a high diverse group of c. 900 spp., only four in freshwater: one in Baikal Lake, two in Oceania, and Sinelobus stanfordi Richardson, 1901, marine, freshwater, hypohaline and hypersaline inland waters of Galapagos, Japan, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Kurile Islands, Caribbean, Florida and Brazil (Balian, 2008; also Planeta Invertebrados). (16:45/)60 spp. in Brazil (CTFB). For news from Brazil, see Segadilha et al. (European Journal of Taxonomy, 2022). 24 spp. in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).11.17 ORDER CUMACEA ‣ 9 families, 141 genera and c. 1,500 spp., only 21 spp. (at 11 genera) in freshwater, all Pseudocumatidae from Caspian basin except two New World species, in Nannastacidae: Almyracuma proximoculi Jones and Burbanck, 1959 from intertidal freshwater springs at Cape Cod, and limnetic zone of Lower Hudson river, NE U.S.A., and Claudicuma platense Roccatagliata, 1981 from Río de la Plata (Argentina), from Buenos Aires to Punta del Indio (Roccatagliata, Marine Biodiversity, 2017).
11.18 ORDER ISOPODA ‣ there are over 10,000 spp. of isopod worldwide, with around 4,500 spp. found in sea, mostly on the seabed, 500 in freshwater, and another 5,000 on land (Wikipedia).
Brazil includes (58:161/)423 spp., being (55:161/)423 spp. in CTFB list (SEE), plus two families of Calabozoidea (Brazilian Cave Fauna) and Limnoriidae (at least 1 sp., SEE). All suborders occur in Brazil except Phoratopidea (continental shelf at Encounter Bay and Fowlers Bay, South Australia, Wikipedia), Phreatoicidea (freshwater environments in South Africa, India, and Oceania, SEE) and Tainisopidea (Tainisopidae).
■ endemic families in New World: Colypuridae (1/1, Panamá), Brasileirinidae (1/1, Brazil).
29.12 CEPHALOCARIDA CLASS ▸ small class composed only of a single family in its own order.
12.1 ORDER BRACHYPODA ‣ a single family, Hutchinsoniellidae; for a complete detailed analysis of the class, see Addis (Thesis, 2008); 12 spp. in 5 genera: Chiltoniella (1, New Zealand), Hampsonellus (1, Brazil, restricted to the coast of São Paulo), Hutchinsonella (1, Brazil, U.S.A.), Lightiella (5, coast from Canada to Florida, Mexico, Caribbean, Mediterranean and New Caledonia) and Sandersiella (4, Korea, Japan, Namibia and Peru).
29.13 BRANCHIOPODA CLASS ▸ 4 orders, 32 families, 142 genera and 1,185 spp. Primary source: Rogers et al. (Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 2020). Brazil has (16:51/)140 spp. (data below). Mexico has 36 spp. in Anostraca (20), Notostraca (3), Spinicaudata (11), and Laevicaudata (2), by Maeda-Martínez et al. (Hydrobiologia, 1997), as well as Cyclestherida (1) and Cladocera (106, see below).
13.1. ORDER ANOSTRACA ‣ 313 spp. on all continents (including Antarctica), currently arranged in 28 genera and eight families (Zhang, 2013). Brazil has (3:5/)15 spp.
7 genera and 53 spp. in freshwater Neotropics (Rogers, 2020), in 4 families - with numbers of region - Artemiidae (1/2, one sp. in Brazil), Branchinectidae (1/19, two in Brazil), Streptocephalidae (1/8 in Neotropics, all from Mexico and Caribbean) and Thamnocephalidae (4/24 spp., 12 in Brazil in three genus in Brazil; Phallocryptus is endemic to Argentina).
13.2 ORDER NOTOSTRACA ‣ only a single family, Triopsidae, with 15 spp. within two genera, Triops and Lepidurus (Zhang, 2013); both genera and two spp. in Neotropics, collected in Mexico (2/2, KNAF/2020; KNF/2016), Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina and Caribbean (Rogers, 2020). Absent in Brazil.
13.3 ORDER LAEVICAUDA ‣ only a single family, Lynceidae, with 3 genera and 36 spp. (Zhang, 2013); two genera and 8 spp. in Neotropics (Rogers, 2020), collected from Mexico (2/7, KNF/2016; KNAF/2020) and South America. Only four laevicaudatan species have been reported from South America: Lynceus aequatorialis Daday,1927, L. rotundirostris Daday, 1902 from Argentina, L. tropicus Daday, 1927 from Colombia and Venezuela and, Paralimnetis rapax Gurney, 1931 from Paraguay and Brazil (Pessac et al., Zootaxa, 2011; Fonseca et al., Wetlands, 2017).13.4 ORDER DIPLOSTRACA ‣ 22 families, 109 genera and 821 spp. in three suborders (Zhang, 2013). (12:45/)124 spp. in Brazil (data below).
Spinicaudata ▸ three families, Cyzicidae (4/90, one genus and 4 spp. in Neotropics, in Brazil (2), Mexico and Cuba); Leptestheriidae (3/37, one genus and 5 spp. in Neotropics, in Venezuela, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Brazil (1); Rogers 2020; also Weddingen and Rabet, Zoological Studies, 2020); and Limnadiidae (5/61, two genera and 9 spp. in Neotropics, widely in several areas, only two Eulimnadia in Brazil). All families in Brazil, with (3/)5 spp.
Cyclestherida ▸ 1/1, pantropical, Cyclestheria hislopi, widely in southern Hemisphere, inc. Brazil (Yashima, Braz. J. Biol., 2011).
Cladocera ▸18 families, 96 genera and 632 spp., 50 genera and 186 spp. within 9 families in Neotropics by Balian (2008). Brazil has (8:41/)118 spp. of Cladocerans (Elmoor-Loureiro, Nauplius, 2000), however Loureiro & R. Sousa (Zoologia, 2023) lists (11:61/)155 spp. in Brazil. (7:33/)106 spp. in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000).
■ endemic families in New World: Dumontidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
29.14 REMIPEDIA CLASS ▸ this class has eight families (all absents in Brazil), 12 genera and 28 spp. within a single order Nectiopoda; data below from Remipedia Database (SEE).15.1 ORDER NECTIOPODA ‣ data mentioned above; all genera except Xibalbanus, Morlockia and Kumonga are endemic to Caribbean. 4 genera endemic to Bahamas (inc. the fully family Pleomothridae), 3 endemic to Turks y Caicos (and full Micropacteridae), Godzillius (Godzilliidae) in both areas, Speleonectes (Speleonectidae) in Bahamas and Cuba, Kumonga (and full Kumongidae) endemic to Australia, Xibalbanus (and full Xibalbanidae) from Mexico and Belize (3 and 1 spp., respectively), and Morlockia (single genus in Morlockidae) in Bahamas, Hispaniola and Canary Islands.
■ endemic families in New World: Pleomothridae (1/2, Bahamas), Micropacteridae (1/1, Turks y Caicos).
29.15 COLLEMBOLA CLASS (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013) ▸ (33:763/)8,130 spp., (21:118/)457 spp. in Brazil belonging all four known orders worldwide (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024; includes numbers below). These numbers do not include the new cave descriptions, which can be seen in Brazilian Cave Fauna. Colombia has (16:21/)38 spp. (Cipola, Zootaxa, 2023). (24:105-107/)582 spp. in Mexico (Palacios-Vargas, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014). Mexican families Poduridae, Actaletidae, Coenaletidae and Tomoceridae does not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Sturmiidae does not occur in Mexico.
In following families Mexico certainly has more species than Brazil: Hypogastruridae (80 ✕ 30), Odontellidae (16 ✕ 1), Onychiuridae (21 ✕ 4) at Poduromorpha, Oncopoduridae (5 ✕ 2) in Entomobryomorpha; Katiannidae (8 ✕ 3), Bourletiellidae (10 ✕ 9) and Dicyrtomidae (15 ✕ 4) in Symphypleona; and Neelidae in Neelipleona (10 ✕ 3).
An illustrated guide with photos of almost every family in the order is available at Collembola.org (SEE).15.1 ORDER PODUROMORPHA ‣ (11:)3,154 spp.; (7:49/)138 spp. in Brazil in seven families and 49 genera: Brachystomellidae (24), Hypogastruridae (30), Isotogastruridae (2), Neanuridae (70), Odontellidae (1), Onychiuridae (4), Tullbergiidae (7).
15.2 ORDER ENTOMOBRYOMORPHA ‣ (11:)3,753 spp.; (5:44/)241 spp. in Brazil: Oncopoduridae (2), Isotomidae (78), Orchesellidae (18), Entomobryidae (106), Paronellidae (39, inc. 5 Cyphoderus).
15.3 ORDER SYMPHYPLEONA ‣ (10:)1,188 spp. in 10 families, (8:13/)45 spp. in Brazil: Sminthurididae (25), Katiannidae (3), Arrhopalitidae (9), Sturmiidae (1), Sminthuridae (21), Bourletiellidae (9), Collophoridae (1) and Dicyrtomidae (4).
Sphaeridia pilleata Bretfeld and Gauer, 1994 (Sminthurididae) from Brazil, is arguably the smallest known adult hexapod, with its smaller males measuring about 0.12 mm (Bellini, Weiner & Winck, Diversity, 2023).
15.4 ORDER NEELIPLEONA ‣ a single family, Neelidae, includes (3/)47 spp., (2/)3 in Brazil, inc. Megalothorax minimus from Pará and Neelus cf. minimus from Espírito Santo states, both in Neelidae.
29.16 PROTURA CLASS ▸ 748 spp. in 72 genera within 7 families among three orders (Galli et al., ZooKeys, 2018). Brazil has (2:9/)26 spp. (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). (1:4/)19 spp. in Mexico (Palacios-Vargas & Figueroa, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 85, 2014).
16.1 ORDER ACERENTOMATA ‣ three families: Hesperentomidae with 3 genera from in East and Central Asia, Europe and North America; Protentomidae with six genera in Japan, China, Pacific Islands, tropical Asia, Reunion, North America and Argentina (see Vidal Sarmiento, Physis, 1971 for South America); Acerentomidae with 50 genera - (7/)14 spp. in Brazil and only (4/)6 spp. in Mexico.
16.2 ORDER SINENTOMATA ‣ two families with a single genus each, Fujientomidae and Sinentomidae, known only from China, Japan and North Korea.16.3 ORDER EOSENTOMATA ‣ two families, Eosentomidae, with 10 genera, six restricted from China and Japan, Styletoentomon from North America, Madagascarentomon endemic to Madagascar, Isoentomon and Eosentomon widely distributed in World (both in Brazil, with 12 spp. in country; both also in Mexico, with 11 spp.); and Antelientomidae (one genus, endemic to China).
29.17 DIPLURA CLASS ▸ no order, (10:141/)1,008 spp. (Sendra, Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2021), (4:11/)31 in Brazil (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). Three superfamilies, all in Brazil. South America has (35/)154 spp., Mexico has (6:17/)48 spp. (Palácios-Vargas & García-Goméz, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), and U.S.A. has (7:23)170 spp.
Campodeoidea ‣ two families: Procampodeidae (1/2, one in Italy, another in California, Wikipedia) and Campodeidae (58/491, widely, (4/)5 spp. in Brazil, (9/)33 in Mexico).Japygoidea ‣ five families: Japygidae (61/340, widely, (3/)12 in Brazil, (2/)5 in Mexico), Evalljapygidae (5/47, 34 in western regions of North America inc. 10 in Mexico, and 12 spp. in South America), Parajapygidae (4/66 spp., Parajapyx (55, 5 in Mexico) worldwide, Ectasjapyx (5, Central Africa), Miojapyx (1, U.S.A.), Lacandonajapyx (1, Mexico), Montejo-Cruz, Zootaxa, 2021, (1/)3 in Brazil), Heterojapygidae (4/10, Australia and Madagascar), and Dinjapygidae (1/6, Peru and Bolivia, see Reddell, BOOK, 1985).
The circumscription of Evalljapygidae varies from reference to reference, with Sendra (Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2021) citing 5 genera without specifying which ones, and indicating 3 genera and 12 spp. in South America; Wikimedia (SEE) lists only 3 genera, with Mixojapyx being cited for Brazil (Figueredo, Disseratation, 2009); Gracía-Goméz (BSEA, 2010) cites only two, none of them in South America, a position reinforced by Allen (TAES, 2002) at subfamily Evalljapyginae. Therefore, we adopted a very conservative version, aligned with the last two references.
Projapygoidea ‣ three families: Anajapygidae (2/5, Holartic, Oriental, Neotropical, 2 in Mexico), Octostigmatidae (1/3, Asia, Australia), and Projapygidae (4/42, widely, (3/)11 spp. in Brazil; 2 spp. in Mexico).
29.18. INSECTA CLASS ▸ based on the following numbers, there are (1,209:89,280/)1,056,040 spp. in World and (679:15,893/)88,854 spp. in Brazil. The only number of genera data in the entire discussion of insects totally absent is in the Sternorrhyncha group of Hemiptera. For this group, we used an extrapolation that was detailed in Almanaque Z (SEE).In 2020, 680 new Brazilian species of Hexapoda was described, classified in 245 genera, 112 families and 18 orders; these 680 species were published in a total of 219 articles comprising 423 different authors residing in 27 countries (Silva-Neto e al., EntomoBrasilis, 2022).
An excellent material on insect records is Book of Insects Records (SEE).
18.1 ORDER ARCHAEOGNATHA ‣ (2:65/)548 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 156). Machilidae has (38/)c. 250 spp., only nine genera in New World, from North America to Mexico (Foottit, 2018); Meineterllidae has (19/)170 spp. (Wikipedia), (2/)25 spp. in Brazil; 4 of 6 South American genera occur only in Chile and Argentina (Rafael, 2012). Mexico has (2: 9/)15 spp. at this order, being (5/)7 spp. in Machilidae and (4/)8 spp. in Meineterllidae (Palacios-Vargas, BOOK, 2004), and U.S.A. has (10/)27 spp. of Machilidae and (4/)9 in Meineterllidae (Bristletails of North America).18.2 ORDER ZYGENTOMA ‣ (5:149/)594 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 156), only Nicoletiidae (6/13) and Lepismatiidae (6/10) occur in Brazil, with (12/)23 spp. (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). Lepidotrichidae is endemic to U.S.A.; Maindroniidae has 4 spp. in Sudan, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Atacama Desert on Chile and Peru (Maindronia neotropicalis); Protrinemuridae has 4 genera 10 spp., only 2 spp. in New World, both Trinemophora from collected in W South America (Foottit, 2018).
■ endemic families in New World: Lepidotrichidae (1/1, U.S.A.).
■ endemic families in New World: Melanemerellidae (1/1, Brazil).
18.4 ORDER ODONATA ‣ 6,313 spp. in 678 genera at 40 families (Families and Genera of Odonata); in Brazil occur 809 spp. in 140 genera (South America Odonata) in 15 off 19 South American families except Neopetaliidae (1, known only from Chile and Argentina (Wikipedia), Petaluridae (5/11, one genus in Chile and Argentina), Mesagrionidae (1/1, Colombia), and Austropetaliidae (only in Chile, Argentina and Australia), by Wikipedia.
■ endemic families in New World: Mesagrionidae (1/1, Colombia).
18.5 ORDER ORTHOPTERA (classification from Rafael, 2012) ‣ 26,207 spp. in 4,588 genera among 41 families in two clades, Ensifera and Caelifera (Orthoptera Species Files). (18:565/)1,952 spp. in Brazil (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). (274/)c. 920 spp. in Mexico (Insecta/MX).
CAELIFERA ‣ 27 families (Orthoptera Species Files/Caelifera), 2,477 genera, and 11,894 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 257); (9:266/)924 spp. in Brazil.
infraorder Acrididea [24 families, 6 in Brazil].
superfamily Acridomorpha ‣ 23 families, 14 families absents in New World: 11 from Africa, three of them up to Eurasia and New Guinea, two from India to New Guinea, and one restricted for in Australasian region; and 9 in New World, 5 in Brazil (822 spp. in country): Acrididae, Eumastacidae and Pyrgomorphidae cosmopolitan to subcosmopolitan, Romaleidae from North to South America, and Proscopiidae from Costa Rica to South America; Tanaoceridae from W U.S.A. to NW Mexico, Episactidae from Mexico to Costa Rica, Hispaniola, Madagascar and E Asia, Xyronotidae endemic to Mexico, and Tristiridae from Peru to southern Argentina does not occur in Brazil.
superfamily Tetrigoidea ‣ a single subcosmopolitan family, Tetrigidae (62 in Brazil).
infraorder Tridactylidea [3 families, 2 in Brazil, with 32 spp. in country].
superfamily Tridactyloidea ‣ subcosmopolitan, three families, Tridactylidae subcosmopolitan (21 in Brazil), Ripipterygidae in tropical America (12 in Brazil), and Cylindrachetidae from Argentina, disjunct with New Guinea to Australia.
ENSIFERA ‣ 14 families (Orthoptera Species Files/Ensifera), 2,111 genera, and 14,313 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 255). (9:299/)1,028 spp. in Brazil.
infraorder Gryllidea [7 families, all in Brazil, 138 spp. in Brazil].
superfamily Grylloidea ‣ subcosmopolitan, 5 families (Gryllidae, Mogoplistidae, Oecanthidae, Phalangopsidae, Trigonidiidae), all in Brazil (277).
superfamily Gryllotalpoidea ‣ subcosmopolitan, two families, Gryllotalpidae (13 in Brazil) and Myrmecophilidae (1/63 (SEE), 4 native in New World (SEE), absent in Brazil, besides a citation in Yuan & Stalling, Journal of Orthoptera Research, 2022).
infraorder Tettigoniidea [7 families, only three in Brazil, with 594 spp.].
superfamily Hagloidea ‣ a single family, Prophalangopsidae, with 5 genera, Cyphoderris Uhler, 1864 (NW America), Paracyphoderris Storozhenko, 1980 (Siberia), Aboilomimus Gorochov, 2001 (China), Prophalangopsis Walker, 1871 (Indian subcontinent) and Tarragoilus Gorochov, 2001 (China).
superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea ‣ a single family, Rhaphidophoridae, from Alaska to Guatemala, Eurasia to New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Chile.
superfamily Schizodactyloidea ‣ a single family, Schizodactylidae, from Turkiye to Indochina, and SW Africa.
superfamily Stenopelmatoidea ‣ three families, Anostostomatidae (9 in Brazil), Gryllacrididae (26 in Brazil) and Stenopelmatidae (5/50, Ammopelmatus from SW U.S.A. and NW Mexico and Stenopelmatus from Central America and Ecuador in New World, Wikipedia), the last absent in Brazil.
The most massive insects are wētā from New Zealand (6, Deinacrida, Anostostomatidae), with one mention of a D. heteracantha White, 1842 specimen from extreme northern country weighing 71g (Williams, BOOK, 2005).
superfamily Tettigonioidea ‣ subcosmopolitan, with a single family Tettigoniidae (703 in Brazil).
■ endemic families in New World: Xyronotidae (Caelifera, 2/4, Mexico).
18.6 ORDER PHASMIDA ‣ (473/)3,039 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 285) at 14 families (Wikipedia, plus Tinematidae), c. 900 in New World and (5:43/)231 in Brazil, among five families (Diapheromeridae, Heteronemiidae, Pseudophasmatidae, Prisopodidae, Phasmatidae; Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). Agathemeridae (8) occur only in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile (SEE); Tinematidae (21) occur from Oregon to Baja California (Wikipedia); remainig families are invalid or absents in New World.
The longest known insect, based on leg length, is a species not described in Phasmatidae from China, from captivity, which reached 64cm (Wikipedia).
18.7 ORDER EMBIOPTERA (Embioptera Species Files) ‣ (13:94/)476 spp. worldwide, (5:22/)57 in Brazil, (4:11/)58 in Mexico (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024), in families Anisembiidae, Archembiidae, Clothodidae and Teratembiidae; 8 families are absents in New World; Andesembiidae (2/8, Colombia to Peru) occur in New World but not in Brazil.18.8 ORDER NOTOPTERA (Grylloblattodae + Mantophasmatodea) ‣ nowdays theses two orders composes order Notoptera, each of them composing a family of their own. (20/)48 spp.
Grylloblattidae ‣ 33 spp. in 5 genera: Galloisiana (12, NW China, North and South Korea, SE Russia, and Japan), Grylloblattina (2, Primorsky Region of far‐eastern Russia), Grylloblattella (3, Altai and Khakassia republics in Russia, and N Xinjiamg regin of China), Namkungia (2, northern South Korea) and Grylloblatta (14, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Alberta and British Columbia), by Schoville & Graening (Zootaxa, 2013) and Foottit & Adler (Insect Biodiversity, 2018).
Manthophasmatidae ‣ 13 genera and 21 spp., with Tanzaniophasma in Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique, and all remaining diversity in W & C Namibia (6 genera, 5 endemics) and W & SW South Africa (7 genera, 6 endemics, plus 3 undescribed species), by Benjamin Wipfler et al., ZooKeys, 2017).18.9 ORDER PLECOPTERA (see Plecoptera Species File) ‣ (17:309/)3,788 spp. (Zhang et al., Zootaxa, 2013; Plecoptera Species File) in two suborders, both with only one family in Brazil (Rafael, 2012): Antarctoperlaria with Gripopterygidae (4/57; CTFB) and Arctoperlaria with Perlidae (6/145; CTFB) - (10/)202 spp. overall in country.
ANTARCTOPERLARIA/EusthenioideaDiamphipnoidae (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, SEE).
Capnia lacustra from Lago Tahoe (U.S.A.) and Baikaloperla (Baikal Lake), both Perlidae, are the only insects that have their entire life cycle aquatic (Planeta Invertebrados).
Nemouridae (Arctic to Mexico, over Eurasia to Australia, northern Africa, SEE).
18.10 ORDER DERMAPTERA (see Dermaptera Home Page) ‣ (11:203/)1,930 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 316), 303 in South America, 145 in Brazil, among 7 families and 46 genera (Rafael, 2012). All New World families occur in Brazil, which holds the largest diversity of Dermaptera in New World and the fouth worldwide after India (239), China (229) and Indonesia (204), by EARWINGS ONLINE. (5:27/)51 spp. in Mexico (Insecta/MX).
Heleodoro & Rafael (Zoologia, 2023) lists (6:43/)117 spp. for Brazil.
18.11 ORDER ZORAPTERA ‣ (9/)37 spp. of two families, by Kočárek et al. (MDPI, 2021). Brazil has the largest diversity of genera worldwide (4/6), in both families.
Zorotypidae ‣ 3 genera, Zorotypus in Kenya, Guinea, Ghana, and Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius and Brazil; Usazoros endemic to U.S.A.; and Spermozorus in China, Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan).
Spiralizoridae ‣ 6 genera, Latinozoros from Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, T.Tobago, French Guiana, and Brazil (SEE); Spiralizoros in China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java), Sri Lanka, and Philippines; Centrozoros in U.S.A, Jamaica, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico (1, Insecta/MX), Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru; Brazilozoros in Brazil, Peru, Guyana, and Ecuador; Cordezoros endemic to Fiji; and Scapulizoros endemic to Papua New Guinea.18.13 ORDER BLATTODEA ‣ 7,314 spp., (c. 500/)c. 4,600 spp. of cockroach, and about (c. 300/)c. 3,000 spp. of termite (Wikipedia); Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). (9:221/)1,118 spp. in Brazil. Six clades, five of cockroaches sucessively systers of remaining groups. By Zhang et al. (Zootaxa, 2013), 18 families belongs this order:
nine of cockroaches, 5 in Brazil (136/769): Corydiidae (19), Blattidae (17), Lamproblattidae (4), Ectobiidae (488) and Blaberidae (238), plus 3 incertae sedis, overall at 107 genera (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024; CTFB for genera), plus Nocticolidae (9/32, Africa, Asia and Australia, MAP), Tryonicidae (2/17, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, MAP) and Cryptocercidae (1/12, North America to Mexico, E Europe, China to Japan and Koreas in Asia, MAP). China and Australia have the largest diversities of families in World, six each.
Luminescent insects includes only members of Coleoptera and Diptera. The evidence for genuine bioluminescence in Lucihormetica cockroaches (Blaberidae) from Ecuador is anecdotal and inconclusive, though there is evidence for autofluorescence (Wikipedia).
nine of termites (corrobored by Termites Database), 4 in Brazil (85/348 spp., SEE; CTFB for genera): Serritermitidae (2/2, only in Brazil, Guyana and French Guiana), Kalotermitidae (28), Termitidae (305) and Rhinotermitidae (5/14), plus Hodotermitidae (3/18, Africa to S India), Mastotermitidae (1/1, Australia), Archotermopsidae (3/11, one genus in North America o Mexico and two in E Asia), Stolotermitidae (2/10 species, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Porotermes quadricollis in Argentina and Chile) and Stylotermitidae ((1/)34 spp., Bangladesh, China, India, and Malaysia).
Hodotermitidae, Archotermopsidae, Stolotermitidae and Serritermitidae are fully disjunct range families. South America has ()422 spp. in 75 genera of 5 families (Constantino, Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2008). In New World, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Argentina and Chile has the largest family-diversities, with 4 each. Such as cockroaches, curiously, China and Australia have the largest diversities of families in World, five each.
18.14 ORDER PSOCOPTERA ‣ (41:474/)5,720 spp. (Wikipedia); in Brazil there are (28:94/)425 spp. (Rafael, 2012). All suborders and infraorders of New World occur in Brazil. Mexico has (37:105/)755 spp. in this order (Garcia-Aldrete, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).18.15 ORDER PHTHIRAPTERA ‣ (24:304/)5,316 spp. in 4 suborers (Foottit & Adler, BOOK, 2009, pg. 459), (17:156/)562 spp. at all suborders in Brazil (CTFB). 7 families does not occur in Brazil, 6 in Anoplura, and Haematomyzidae (3 spp., from elephants and warthogs, Wikipedia); Echinophthiriidae ((5/)13, absent in Brazil) are parasites of seals and the river otter, and are the only insects that infest aquatic hosts (Wikipedia). Pedicinidae (14 spp. in a single genus) infects only Old World monkeys (Wikipedia).
18.16 ORDER TYSANOPTERA (data below mainly from WikiTrips) ‣ (9:782/)6,174 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 487; 8 families occur in U.S.A.), (6:156/)627 in Brazil (CTFB for genera, Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024); exceptions are Melanthripidae (4 genera, Cranothrips in Australia and South Africa, Dorythrips in Australia and western South America; Ankothrips in U.S.A., Europe and South Africa; Melanthrips in Europe, Africa, India and North America), Fauriellidae (5 spp., one in California, two from S Africa, and two from S Europe) and Stenurothripidae (3 genera, two in W North America, one from the Mediterranean region to India).
Auchenorrhyncha includes Cicadomorpha and Fulgoromorpha; for a complete phylogeny of Fulgoromorpha, see Bucher et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023).
Coleorrhyncha ‣ a single family Peloridiidae, 17 genera and 36 spp. known from Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and eastern Australia, living in the wet moss of temperate and subantarctic rainforests (Burckhardt, Larochelle & Lariviere, BOOK, 2011).
Despites for some members of Collembola, Diptera, Coleopera and Hemiptera in intertidal or coastal areas worldwide (M. Springer, BOOK, 2009), true marine insects belongs genus Halobates (Gerridae); most species are coastal and typically found in sheltered marine habitats (a habitat where a few other genera of water striders also live), but five live on the surface of the open ocean and only occur near the coast when storms blow them ashore; these are the only known truly oceanic, offshore insects (Wikipedia). The majority of the 46 extant species of Halobates are found in the tropical parts of the Indo-West Pacific region, roughly between latitudes 30˚N and 30˚S. H. robustus (endemic to the Galápagos Islands) and the oceanic species H. sobrinus, H. splendens (E Pacific Ocean), and H. micans (Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and eastern Pacific Ocean) are the only sea-skaters that occur outside this region (N. M. Andersen & L. Cheng, Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2004).
Only one spp. occur in costal Brazil, H. micans Eschscholtz 1822, widely distributed in tropical waters worldwide (MAP), colected several times along coast of Brazil (Dias, JF. and Lopes, CL., Braz. J. Biol., 2009).
Sternorrhyncha ‣ c. 18,690 spp., distributed among four superfamilies (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009) in 67 families; 791 spp of 31 families in Brazil (Rafael, 2012); genera in this groups is only number of genera data in the entire discussion of insects totally absent. For this group, we used an extrapolation that was detailed in the blog Almanaque Z (SEE), which points to an estimate of 1,590 genera. (34:346/)949 spp. in Brazil (CTFB, manual counting).
■ endemic families in New World: Curaliidae (1/11, U.S.A.), Pityococcidae (2/5, U.S.A.).
18.18 ORDER HYMENOPTERA ‣ (132:8,423/)153,088 spp. (Aguiar et al, Zootaxa, 2013). Almost all Hymenoptera are wasps except two lineages, family Formicidae and Apoidea clade with 11 families of bees (Wikipedia). In Brazil occur c. 10,000 spp. described species in 64 families (or c. 9,000, if discounted 1,000 spp. from the ant estimate, 2,500 in (Rafael, 2012), c. 1,500 in Ant Wiki, see below). By Fernández (Caldasia, 2022), the Neotropics comprises 26 superfamilies, 92 families, 3,162 genera, and over 33,640 species of Hymenoptera. (90:1,675/)11,273 in Brazil (CTFB).BEES
7 families, 5 in Brazil (Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae), Melittidae (187, Africa and northern Hemisphere) and Stenotritidae (2/21, endemic to Australia), by Wikipedia (Bees) and Rafael (2012). The charismatic genus Bombus has 250 species widely distributed in the world, but occurring mainly in the cool subtropical and temperate areas of the Nearctic and, especially, Palearctic regions. In South America, most of the species of Bombus are distributed along the Andes and in temperate regions, with only a few species recorded in the warm lowlands—the later, actually, the only bumblebees to occur in such environments in the world. Only six species of the genus are generally referred to occur in Brazil (JE Santos Júnior, Plos One, 2015).
By Engel et al. (ZooKeys, 2023), Neotropical Meliponi includes 475 spp. in 26 genera, 16 of them very widespread from Mexico to Brazil (joined 449), sometimes up to Argentina, Uruguay or Bolivia, plus two only from Mexico to Panama (3), Ptilotrigona, Nogueirapis from Costa Rica to Brazil (12), Paratrigonoides (1) endemic to Colombia, Mourella and Schwarziana from Brazil and adjacent C & S South America (5), Duckeola (2) from Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Colombia, Friesella (1) and Trichotrigona (2) endemics to S Brazil.
FORMICIDAE
Following the Ant Wiki (SEE), Brazil has the greatest diversity of genera in the West Hemisphere (117) and the 2th in the world, behind only Indonesia (126) and China (also 117); the 3th largest diversity of endemic genera (9), behind only Australia (16) and tied with Madagascar; Brazil has the 3th largest species diversity (1,525), behind only Australia (1,617) and Indonesia (1,556), and with c. 400 spp. more than the next placed, Mexico (1,128); it is the 3th country with the most endemic species, with 536, behind only Australia (1,406) and Madagascar (744). Dinoponera may have a body length exceeding 3.5cm, making them the genus with the largest known ant workers; they are exclusively South American, with their center of diversity in Brazil, the only country where all described species can be found (Dias & Lattke, European Journal of Taxonomy, 2021).
RECORDS
Two Mymaridae wasps are incredible minuscule: Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Mockford, 1997 is the smallest known insect and a species, with a body length averaging 186 μm (smaller than certain species of Paramecium and amoeba, which are single-celled organisms), know as an idiobiont parasitoid of the eggs of a lepidopsocid barklouse, Echmepteryx hageni, in Illinois, U.S.A. (Wikipedia); Kikiki huna Huber & Beardsley, 2000, known from Hawaii, Costa Rica, Argentina (SEE), S India and T.Tobago; at 0.15 mm, it is the smallest flying insect known as of 2019 (Wikipedia).
Xylocopini (carpenter bees) produced the largest insect eggs in absolute terms (Vicidomini, POST, 2005).
SOCIAL WASPS
Of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains eusocial species, exclusively in Vespinae and Polistinae (Wikipedia). In Brazil there are 381 spp. in 20 genera, c. 2/3 in Mischocyttarus (144), Polistes (43) and Polybia (51) - Somavilla et al., Springer, 2020. All South American social wasps are Polistinae (Rafael, 2012), subfamily of which Brazil has the largest diversity worldwide, with 21 of 25 genera - exceptions are the four genera of Ropalidiini, subtribe from Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Australasian biogeographical regions. (PCS Barroso, A Somavilla, R Boldrini, Sociobiology, 2017).
Vespinae includes 4 genera (Wikipedia), mainly in Old World. In New World, natively, occur only Vespula (14 in region, 12 in U.S.A./Canada, six in Mexico [one endemic] and one in Guatemala [endemic]) and Dolichovespula (6) from Canada and U.S.A. (Kimsey & Carpenter, Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2012 | Dvorak, Entomological Problems, 2006).18.19 ORDER STREPSIPTERA ‣ (10:47/)609 spp. in 47 living genera at 10 families (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 684). Brazil has (13/)35 spp. in 7 families, one endemic (Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). All families of New World occur in Brazil (Tolweb) except Bohartillidae, from Caribbean (Wikipedia). (5:)16 in Mexico (SEE; SEE).
■ endemic families in New World: Bahiaxenidae (1/1, Brazil).
18.20 ORDER COLEOPTERA ‣ 386,500 spp. in 29,500 genera and 176 families (Slipinski et al., Zootaxa, 2011). Four suborders, all in Brazil. By Costa (Comunidad Virtual de Entomología, 2000), Brazil has (104:4,357/)26,755 spp. Here, we accepted (115:4,937/)35,750 in Brazil (CTFB, Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024).
In the three basal suborders Archstemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga there are 20 families, 11 in Brazil; Italy and Russia one endemic each, two scattered in Old World, Sphaeriusidae (22) is highly centered in Asia (Zu-long Liang & Fenglong Jia, ZooKeys, 2018) with a single described species in Argentina (Beuteu & Raffaini, Koleopt. Rdsch., 2003); Lepiceridae is found from Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador (Wikipedia); Amphizoidae (5) has three species in western North America and two in eastern palearctic; Meruidae (1) contains only Meru phyllisae from aquatic places in Venezuela; Trachypachidae (6) has four species of Trachypachus in northern Eurasia and N North America, and two species of Systolosoma in Chile.
The largest Coleoptera worldwide is Titanus giganteus L., 1771 (Cerambycidae), measurng up to 16,3cm body lenght, known widely in northern South America (Wikipedia).
FIREFLIES
Luminescent insects includes only members of Coleoptera and Diptera. The presence of bioluminescence in Coleoptera is exclusive in the Elateroidea families Elateridae (147, see below), Phengodidae (34/263, all luminescent/SEE, 53 in Brazil), Rhagophthalmidae (Old World) and Lampyridae (c. 2,000 spp., all luminescent/SEE, 362 spp. in Brazil) and was also recorded at least once in the small elateroid family Omalisidae (factum dubia) and in Brazilian Staphylinidae (two undescribed species of Xantholius, by Rosa, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 2010).
147 spp. of Elateridae are able to emit light, in Agrypninae: Pyrophorini (30/159 spp., SEE), Thylacosterninae (Balgus schnusei Heller, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru and French Guiana, SEE), Sinopyrophorinae (Sinopyrophorus schimmeli, China) and Campyloxeninae (Campyloxenus pyrothorax Fairmaire, S Chile and Argentina, SEE). The vast majority of bioluminescent species is known from the Neotropical region, with several species occurring in small Melanesian islands (Bi et al, ZooKeys, 2019).
In these numbers, there are c. 2,410 spp. of fireflies in the world, with Brazil having the largest diversity of luminescent beetles in the world, about 417-557 described species, corresponding about 23% of described species in the world.
A high remarkable beetle from Brazil (and Bolivia) is the Pharaxonotha cerradensis (Erotylidae), highly associated with Zamia boliviana (Brongniart) A. DC. (Cycadales: Zamiaceae), by Skelley & Segalla (Zootaxa, 2019). Xenomorphon baranowskii (Lycidae) is the unique completely anelytrous and wingless adult male beetle, known only from S Mexico (Ferreira et al., Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2023).
■ endemic families in New World: Diphyllostomatidae (1/3, U.S.A.), Jurasaidae (2/5, Brazil), Meruidae (1/1, Venezuela).
18.21 ORDER NEUROPTERA ‣ (15/671/)c. 6,434 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 638), (10:75/)432 spp. in Brazil (211 endemics; Machado & Martins, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 2022). Nevrothidae (19) occur only in Meditteranean Basin, China, Japan and Australia. Mexico has (10:)349 spp. in this order (Contreras-Ramos, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).18.22 ORDER MEGALOPTERA ‣ (2:28/)400 spp., by Martins C.C. et al. (European Journal of Taxonomy, 2022). (4/)23 spp. in Brazil in both families. (2:5/)13 spp. in Mexico (Contreras-Ramos & Rosas, Rev. Mex. Biodiv., 2014).
Corydalidae ‣ 25 genera, 315 spp., 7 genera in Neotropics: Chloronia (18, Neartic and Neotropical, 5 in Brazil), Corydalus (39, Asia and New World, 14 in Brazil), Platyneuromus (3, Mexico to Central America), Archichauliodes (21, Chile, Australia, New Zealand), Neohermes (6, U.S.A. to Mexico), Nothochauliodes (1, endemic to Chile), Protochauliodes (13, U.S.A., Australia, Chile), Puri (1, endemic to Brazil). Two genera in Chile, three in Brazil and U.S.A. each, 4 in Mexico.
Sialidae ‣ 9 genera and 85 spp., two genera in Neotropics: Caribesialis (endemic to Cuba) and Ilyobus (10, Mexico to Brazil; 3 in latter country).
18.23 ORDER RAPHIDIOPTERA ‣ (33/)248 spp. at two families, Raphidiidae (26/206) and Inocelliidae (7/42), by Foottit & Adler (vol. 2, 2009, pg. 638). In New World, they are found west of the Rocky Mountains, and range from southwest Canada to the Mexican-Guatemalan border, which is the farthest south they have been found in the western hemisphere (Wikipedia), with c. 30 spp. in region (Aspock, Acta Zool. Fennica, 1998). (4/)14 spp. in Mexico in both families (Contreras-Ramos & Rosas, Rev. Mex. Biodiv., 2014).18.24 ORDER TRICHOPTERA ‣ (49:601/)14,999 spp., via Holzenthal et al. (Zootaxa, 2011); by Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024, (16:70/)656 in Brazil (Brazilian Caddisflies for genera). 3,262 spp. was described for Neotropics.
Agathiphagidae ‣ two spp., Agathiphaga queenslandensis is found along the north-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia, and A. vitiensis is found from Fiji to Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands (Wikipedia).
Heterobathmiina ‣ about 10 spp., but only 3 described, in a single genus and family, from S Argentina and Chile (Wikipedia).
Zeugloptera ‣ (20/)180 spp. at family Micropterigidae (SEE); occur in all continents, but only five genera in New World: Magnijuxta and Sporaphaga endemic to Costa Rica (Wagner & Davis, ESAAM, 2014), Squamicornia Kristensen and Nielsen in Costa Rica and Ecuador, Hypomartyria micropteroides in Osorno region in Chile (Wikipedia) and Epimartyria (3) for British Columbia to California, and Quebec to Georgia, SEE).
Glossata ‣ remaining all members of order.
Hapialidae includes monotypic genus of bizarre giant moth: Trichophassus giganteus Herrich-Schäffer, 1853, endemic to Brazil (Twiitter). Very aberrant lifestyles appear so often in moths and butterflies, such as females, apterus or sessile, ephemeral adults that do not feed, predatory larvae and some social ones. The adults of a primitive family (Micropterigidae, absent in Brazil), retains chewing jaws, and caterpillars in some genera of Pyralidae and Arctiidae are aquatic. Larvae of at least two moth species, one of Arctiidae and the other of Saturniidae, are of medical interest, as they cause 'lepidopterism' or allergies that lead to hypersensitivity and, not infrequently, to death; many other larvae from these families and also from Limacodidae and Megalopygidae (fire caterpillars or caterpillars) cause very painful burns (FAPESP, no link). A regional inventory in Iguaçu National Park (Paraná, Brazil) reported 787 spp. in the region (SEE).
Mexico has 14,507 spp. in this order (Llorente-Bousquets et al., Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
Danaus plexippus L. (monarch butterfly, Nymphalidae) executes the most incredible insect migration known, flying, in generations, more than 3000 km from western North America to a mountainous region between the Mexican states of Jalisco and Mexico. However, it should be noted that its two congeneric species, D. erippus Cramer, 1775 from South America and D. cleophile Godart, 1819 from the Caribbean, do not migrate. Not even all populations of D. plexippus migrate, and some more isolated groups migrate in a much more discreet way to other areas of North America (Wikipedia).
■ endemic families in New World: Neotheoridae (2/4, Brazil).
18.26 ORDER DIPTERA ‣ (159:9,825/)159,294 living spp. within 9,825 genera at 159 families (Pape et al., Zootaxa, 2011), c. 31,000 in Neotropics, in 118 families; (102:2,021/)12,156 in Brazil (CTFB). For Neotropical Diptera and many notes of presence of families in Neotropics, see Amorim (Chapter, 2009).
One of the most fantastic diversity of diptera in the world is the Drosophillidae from Hawaii. As of 2022, 689 species have been described, including 273 species in the genus Scaptomyza, of which 148 are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago, and 416 Hawaiian endemic species in the genus Drosophila (Wikipedia).
Luminescent insects includes only memebers of Coleoptera and Diptera. In Diptera, luminescence is found in Mycetophilidae (fungus-gnats), especifically in the Australasian Arachnocampa, the Euroasiatic Keroplatus, North American Orfelia fultonii, and Brazilian Neoceroplatus betaryiensis, known only southern São Paulo state, unique in Neotropics (PHOTOBIOLOGY; Falaschi, Johnson & Stevani, Nature, 2019).
A world checklist of all fly Keroplatidae is available in Evenhuis (Bishop Museum Press, 2006); Neotropics is the poor region in diversity: only 92 out of a total of 952.
The smallest of all Diptera worldwide is Megapropodiphora arnoldi (Phoridae), known from a single specimen from a site near Manaus, Brazil, is only 0.395 mm in body length, slightly smaller than the currently recognised smallest fly, Euryplatea nanaknihali from Thailand (Brown, Biodiversity Data Journal, 2018). On the other hand, the largest of all Diptera is Gauromydas heros Perty 1833, mensuring up to 70mm body, known only from E & C Brazil up to E Paraguay (Calhau et al., Zootaxa, 2015).
The most mortal family of animals, Culicidae, has (42/)c. 3,492 spp. among 12 tribes; 24 genera occur in Neotropics (Balian, 2008), with 1,069 spp. Chagasia, Galindomyia, Isostomyia, Johnbelkinia, Limatus, Onirion, Sabethes, Shannoniana, and Trichoprosopon are endemic to Neotropics. Tribe Ficalbiini and Hodgesiini are the unique absents in Neotropics. Only one Aedeomyiini occur in New World (Aedeomyia squamipennis; details in Nascimento Pereira et al., CheckList, 2017).
■ endemic families in New World: Evoocoidae (1/1, Chile).
18.27 ORDER SIPHONAPTERA ‣ (19:249/)2,215 spp. (Bossard et al., Diversity, 2023). In Brazil occur (8:19/)63 spp. (Ceratophyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae, Ischnopsyllidae, Leptopsyllidae, Pulicidae, Rhopalopsyllidae, Stephanocircidae and Tungidae, Rafael et al., BOOK, 2024). Pygiopsyllidae and Malacopsyllidae occur in neighboring countries and will probably be registered in Brazil (Rafael, 2012). Mexico (8:51/172, Acosta-Gutiérrez, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014) and Argentina (108) has more species than Brazil, and Neotropics has (52:)280 spp. in 52 genera. Three genera (Rothschildopsylla, Hechtiella, Neotropsylla) and 17 spp. are Brazilian endemics (Fapesp, link unvailable). All Mexican families occur in Brazil except Hystrichopsyllidae, and Brazilian Stephanocircidae does not occur in Mexico.18.28 ORDER MECOPTERA ‣ (9:38/)c. 737 spp. (Foottit & Adler, vol. 2, 2009, pg. 706), (2:5/)26 in Brazil (CTFB). In Neotropics occur 4 families (67): Meropidae (2/3, Merope in U.S.A./Canada, Austromerope in Australia and Brazil one each; Wikipedia), Eomeropidae (1/1) endemic to Chile, Nannochoristidae (3) from Chile and Argentina; and Bittacidae: 16 genera, 5 endemics to Australia, Anomalobittacus from South Africa, three from SW U.S.A. to Mexico, Kalobittacus in Central America, 4 from Panamá to Brazil (all from Brazil, Neobittacus endemic), one endemic to Chile, and Bittacus worldwide. Mexico has (2:5/)47 spp. in this order (Contreras-Ramos, Rev. Mex. de Biodiv., vol. 85, 2014).
■ endemic families in New World: Eomeropidae (1/1, Chile).
DEUTEROSTOMIA
30. ECHINODERMATA ▸ the extant Echinoderma falls in five class, all occur in Brazil. Brazilian number of species follows Ventura et al. (BOOK, 2012), with 347 spp. of 6,650 worldwide; data for total in America Latina follows Alvarado & Silís-Marín (BOOK, 2012; appendix with a checklist of all Ecinodermata in Latin America: SEE); taxonomy follows Wikipedia. For all 61 spp. of Echinodermata from Santa Catarina state (Brazil), see Slivak, N.N. et al., Pap. Avulsos Zool., 2022.
Currently, 643 spp. are known from Mexico, in Ophiuroidea (197); Asteroidea (185), Echinoidea (119), Holothuroidea (113) and Crinoidea (29), by Solís-Marín et al. (Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, 2012).
30.2 Holothuroidea (SEE) ‣ 1,714 spp. worldwide (CL-ITIS/2014), 49 reported for Brazil, 302 in Latin America, 158 in Atlantic and Caribbean side. 5 orders, all in Brazil (Barba & Dall'Occo, SBPC, no data) inc. Elasipodida (Bendayan de Moura, Thesis, 2016). In Appendix of America Latina (manual counting) Brazil has (12:27/)40 spp.
A. K. Miller et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2017) proposed a new classification based on genetic aspects, where some of the 5 traditional groups were dissolved. This file brings a beautiful art about the diversity of Holothuroidea. For some species in Brazil, see Moura et al. (Zootaxa, 2015).
30.3 Echinoidea ‣ 1,006 spp. worldwide (CL-ITIS/2014), 52 have been reported for the Brazilian coast. 242 in America Latina, 137 in Atlantic and Caribbean side. In Wikipedia, are 12 orders, 8 in Brazil, six by Gondim et al. (Zootaxa, 2018) plus Arbacioda by Slivak, N.N. et al. (Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2022) and Temnopleuroida by Castro Manso et al. (Biota Neotropica, 2008). Absents are Pedinoida, Echinoida, Phymosomatoida (Europe, North America, North Africa and the Middle East) and Holectypoida. Appendix of Latin America (manual counting) lists in Brazil has (16:30/)37 spp.30.4 Ophiuroidea ‣ 2,074 spp. worldwide (CL-ITIS/2014), within 270 genera and 33 families (Goharimanesh M. et al., European Journal of Taxonomy, 2021), 153 have been reported for the Brazilian coast, 521 in America Latina, 340 in Atlantic and Caribbean side. Six orders in this class, all in Brazil, five by Barboza & Borges (Zootaxa, 2012), and Ophioleucida (at least Ophiostratus in Santa Catarina state) by WoRMS and Slivak, N.N. et al. (Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2022). Brazil has 16 of 33 families worldwide. In Appendix of Latin America (manual counting) Brazil has (14:56/)140 spp.30.5 Asteroidea ‣ 1,854 spp. in 39 families (CL-ITIS/2014), among 332 genera (Mah & Blake, Plos One, 2012), only 77 reported for Brazil; 392 in America Latina, 228 in Atlantic and Caribbean side. Eight orders in this class: five confirmed for Brazil by Gondim et al. (ZooKeys, 2014), Notomyotida (with a single family) confirmed by Palos-Peña et al. (Revista de Biologia Tropical, 2021) and Brisingida confirmed by Campos & Moura (Article, 2010). The unique absent is Peripodida (4, Xyloplax, SEE) from Bahamas, New Zealand and northern Pacific from Canada to Costa Rica (SEE). In Appendix of Latin America (manual counting) Brazil has (22:43/)64 spp.
31. HEMICHORDATA ▸ Tassia et al (Plos One, 2016) lists all Hemichordata worldwide, in areas referenced in Spalding et al. (BioScience, 2007), among (6:24)130 spp. of three orders: Enteropneusts (4:23/106), Rhabdopleurida and Cephalodisca.
14-15 spp. of Hemichodata occur in South America, 8 confirmed in Brazil: Balanoglossus gigas Fr.Müller, 1893, B. clavigerus Delle Chiaje, 1829, Schizocardium brasiliense Spengel, 1893, Ptychodera bahamensis Sprengel, 1983, Willeyia loya Petersen, 1965 (Tassia et al., 2016), Glossobalanus minutus Kowalevsky, 1866 (collected only in Brazil, Italy and Portugal - Sealifebase), G. crozieri van der Horst, 1924 (collected only in Brazil and Bermuda - Petersen & Ditadi, Marine Biology, 1971) and Cephalodiscus sp., in three families, Ptychoderidae, Spengelidae (Rodrigues, FAPESP, 1996-2009) and Cephalodiscidae. Balanoglossus clavigeus Delle Chiaje, 1829 in no assignated as South American by Sealifebase (SEE). Mesoglossus caraibicus van der Horst, 1924 may be the 14th species. The Enteropneust Ptychodera bahamensis is cited to occur on the north coast of Brazil by Scheltema (Biological Oceanography, 1973), being accepted here.
ENTEROPNEUSTS
4 families.
Harrimaniidae ‣ (10/)42 spp. in Harrimania, Horstia, Mesoglossus, Meioglossus (8, Defourneaux et al., PRE-PRINT, 2023), Ritteria, Protoglossus, Saccoglossus, Saxipendium, Stereobalanus and Xenopleura. Only one sp. in Pacific Mexico, Saccoglossus pusillus Ritter, 1902 (Deland et al, Zootaxa, 2010).
Torquaratoridae ‣ (6/)9 spp. (Jabr. et al., Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2013), all in northern Hemisphere: Allapasus aurantiacus (E Pacific), A. fuscus (Artic Canada), A. isidis (N Atlantic), Coleodesmium karaensis (Russia Arctic), Tergivelum baldwinae (E Pacific), T. cinnabarinum (N. Atlantic), Terminstomo arcticus (Artic of Canada), Torquarator bullocki (NE Pacific) and Yoda purpurata (N Atlantic).
Ptychoderidae ‣ (3/)37 spp. (Wikipedia): Ptychodera (5), Balanoglossus (17) and Glossobalanus (15), all in Brazil.
Spengelidae ‣ (4/)18 spp. in genera Spengelia, Glandiceps, Willeyia and Schizocardium, found exclusively in tropic and sub-tropic waters, with only six spp. found outside the latitudinal boundaries of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and none are known from wholly temperate regions: Glandicepts talaboti are taken from the Mediterranean; G. hacksi taken from the south of Japan; G. qingdaoensis from the East China Sea, Schizocardium brasiliense up to South Carolina and S. peruvianum and S. californicum from California (Cameron & Perez, Zootaxa, 2012).
At this work, 8 of these areas collaborate with 13 confirmed spp. in the count of South America: Tropical East Pacific (Saxipendium coronatum, Enteropneusts), North Brazil Shelf (none), Tropical SW Atlantic (Willeyia loya, Enteropneust), Warm Temperate SW Atlantic (Balanoglossus clavigerus, B. gigas, Glossobalanus crozieri, G. minutus, Schizocardium brasiliense, Willeyia loya, all Enteropneusts), Galapagos (Saxipedium coronatum, Enteropneust), Warm Temperate SE Pacific (Ptychodera flava, Schizocardium peruvianum, both Enteropneusts), Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas (none) and Magellanic (Cephalodiscus agglutinans, C. dodecalophus, C. hodgsoni, Rhabdopleura normani, all Pterobranches).
The nineth area, Tropical northwestern Atlantic, with 7 Enteropneusts and 3 Pterobranches, Balanoglossus gigas, Glossobalanus crozieri, Schizocardium brasiliense and Rhabdopleura normani occur in other South American parts; Cephalodiscus atlanticus occur only in Florida (Bayer, Bulletin of Marine Science, 1962); Balanoglossus jamaicensis only in Caribbean (WoRMS); Cephalodiscus gracilis only in Bermuda (Dilly, Journal of Zoology, 1985); Rhabdopleura compacta not occur in northern South America (E. Beli et al., Invertebrate Systematics, 2018); Meioglossus psammophilus occur only in Belize and Bermuda (Worsaae, Plos One, 2012); the last species, Mesoglossus caraibicus, is unconclusive defines a range in available sources.
19 spp. in Cephalodiscus (Wikipedia). Here we also consider the addition of the Cephalodiscus record in Brazil (unnamed species, unfortunately it was never identified), based on 16 individuals collected during prospecting between 1996 and 1997 and 10 collected in 2001-2002, in Rio Grande do Sul (Haimovici, REVIZEE, 2004; Haimovici, REVIZEE, 2008).
RHABDOPLEURIDA
5 spp., known in Florida, Greenland, Bermuda, Azores, subantartic South America, Iceland, Spain to Kola Peninsula in Atlantic Ocean, Svalbard, northern Mediterranean, SE India, Sulawesi, Fiji, Vanuatu, S Australia and NW New Zealand (MAP).
32. CEPHALOCHORDATA ▸ a group with absurd data inaccuracy, with ever-changing genera and rankings. In Zhang et al. (Frontier of Physiology, 2018) there are three cephalochordate genera in a single family, Brachyostomatidae: Branchiostoma (28, widely distributed in the mid-low latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the Pacific Ocean, Poss & Boschung, Israel Journal of Zoology, 1996) Asymmetron (monotypic, A. lucayanum Andrews, 1893, currently thought to be distributed circumtropically in the northern Indian, Pacific, and Caribbean Basin from Bermudas to Yucatan and Lesser Antilles), and Epigonichthys (1, E. cultellus Peters, 1877, Pacific, northern Indian Ocean). For Brazil, we followed Alves et al. (Tropical Oceanography, 2001), which marks three spp. of Branchiostoma in country.
Asymmetron, taken here as a single species, is reported to be composed of 5 lineages, three of which have already been nominally described: A. inferum Nishikawa, 2004 (Japan, Nishikawa, Zoological Science, 2004), Indo-West Pacific Clade (A), Red Sea Clade (A. rubrum Subirana, Farstey, Bertrand & Escriva, 2020, SEE), Atlantic Clade (C) and West-Central Pacific (B), by Subirana, L. et al. (Plos One, 2020). The distribution for the genus accepted here is the combination of: GBIF (SEE), Copepedia (SEE), Kon et al. (Marine Biology, 2006) and J. E. Carvalho et al. (Int. J. Dev. Biol., 2017, pg. 4), excluding Baltic records of Copepedia.
Copepedia Website lists 5 spp. of Epigonichthys, none in New World (SEE).
33. TUNICATA ▸ (33:211/)3,145 spp., (22:65/)207 spp. in Brazil. Although most textbooks still have Thaliacea as a tunicate Class, nowdays this group is place within the fourth group inside this class (Kocot K.M. et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2018). Thus, phyllum Tunicata has only two classes.
33.1 Class Appendicularia ‣ three families, Oikopleuridae; Fritillariidae and Kowalevskiidae, all in Brazil, by Vega-Peréz (Biota Neotropical, 2011), including all genera of the two lasts (3 and 1, respectively) and 6 from 11 genera of the first family. In number species, World has 77, and Brazil, 35, by Rocha, R.M. et al (Zoologia, 2024).
33.2 Class Ascidiaceae ‣ with the inclusion of Thaliacea in Ascidiacea, both with three orders, here we take 6 orders and 30 families in the class, with references to the old classification for the three orders from Thaliacea. (171/)3,068 spp., by Rocha, R.M. et al (Zoologia, 2024), who also provides data for Brazilian diversity in each group below, in the form of reference [R24].
ORDER STOLIDOBRANCHIA ‣ three families, Molgulidae, Pyuridae and Styelidae, all in Brazil, with (4/)9, (3/)9 and (8/)28 spp. in Brazil, respectively [R24].
ORDER PYROSOMIDA ‣ a single family, Pyrosomatidae, with three genera (Pyrostremma, Pyrosoma, Pyrosomella) and eight species, only (2/)2 in Brazil [R24].
ORDER SALPIDA ‣ 45 spp. in a single family, Salpidae (Sat-Zooplankton); (12/)27 spp. in Brazil [R24].
ORDER DOLIOLIDA ‣ a single family, Doliolidea, and (9/)c. 25 spp. worldwide, (4/)7 spp. in Brazil [R24].
ORDER PHLEBOBRANCHIA ‣ 10 families, 5 in Brazil (Agneziidae, Cionidae, Corellidae, Perophoridaea and Ascidiidae) and 5 absents (Diazonidae, Dimeatidae, Hypobythiidae, Octacnemidae and Plurellidae), with (6/)32 spp. in country [R24].
ORDER APLOSOUBRANCHIA ‣ 14 families, 8 in Brazil (Diazonidae, Clavelinidae, Didemnidae, Euherdmaniidae, Holozoidae, Polycitoridae, Polyclinidae and Stomozoidae) and six absents (Anadistomidae, Placentelidae, Protopolyclinidae, Pseudodistomidae, Ritterellidae and Vitrumidae), with (16/)77 spp. in country [R24].
34. CRANIATA ▸ although they are not monophyletic groups, fish and reptiles are usually treated in united groups; here we put a lot of unified data in these large groups but also a lot of data already partitioned in the 15 Craniata lineages.
For number of groups of Craniata in almost all countries, see Mongabay (TABLE). In the table it is possible to see that, in the highlighted groups, Brazil is always among the top three, leading in amphibians, being the only country in the Top 3 of all groups.
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| TABLE OF RICHEST COUNTRIES IN VERTEBRATES (IN BOLD NUMBER, THE THREE LARGESTS), BY CLASSIC GROUP © MONGABAY. |
Only four lineages do not occur in Brazil; of these, only Petromizonti fish are registered in the New World. In South America, in tetrapods, only 24 families have no record at all in the country, 11 of which are Nearctic invasions occurring on the continent just in the range between Venezuela and northern Peru, and 7 evolved in the south of the continent, some reaching Bolivia and Peru. Only the remaining 6 are widely distributed in the west of the continent: Telmatobiidae, Cinclidae, Ursidae, Camelidae, Caenolestidae and Chinchillidae. Brazil has 451 families of Craniata. As a paraphyletic group in the eyes of birds, treating Reptiles as a class is inappropriate, although quite traditional even in more advanced academic circles. Here we try to start the discussion of Reptiles in their four extant monophyletic groups.
South America hosts the largest diversity for density in mammals, birds and amphibians (Biodiversity Mapping).
THE WORLD CENTER OF DIVERSITY IN MAMMALS, BIRDS AND AMPHIBIANS (BIODIVERSITY MAPPING)
▪--------------------------------------------------EIGHT LINEAGES IN PISCES--------------------------------------------------▪
According to the Catalogue of Fish Classification (CFC), there are 8 classes of fishes: Myxine, Petromozonti, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Cladistia, Actinopteri, Coelacanthi and Dipneustii, with (612:5,288/)37,003 spp. in November 16, 2024. Coelacantii and Cladistia does not occur in New World. Petromyzonti occur in Chile, Argentina, Australia, and Northern Hemisphere. All the other 5 groups take place in Brazil. Among New World, the highest diversity in clades are in Argentina by records simultaneous of Dipneustii and Petromizontii.
REFERENCES
Other importante sources for fishes are the FishBase (SEE), Fishes of the World (Nelson, BOOK, 2006), and for South America, the Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America (R. Reis et al., Journal of Fish Biology, 2016).News and publications on the eight non-Tetrapoda Craniata lineages are available in World of Fishes (SEE).
FISH S.L. WORLD DIVERSITY
By Fishbase Brazil has the 3th largest diversity of fish in the world in November 16, 2024, with 4,874 spp. (SEE) in total (excluding 22 introduced species), lower than only Australia (5,068; excludes one introduced) and Indonesia (4,889; excludes 20 introduceds). By Mongabay list (SEE) the largest diversities are Australia (4,934), Indonesia (4,772) and Brazil (4,521).
MARINE OVERALL DIVERSITY
In marine fish, Brazil loses badly: it has only 1,256 (excludes 4 introduceds) in November 16, 2024, in 21th position, against Australia (4,677), Japan (3,869), Indonesia (3,646), Philippines (3,123), Taiwan (2,756), Papua New Guinea (2,601), New Caledonia (2,345), Mexico (2,132), U.S.A. (2,111, Mongabay number minus contiguous statean freshwater fishes; freshwater Alaskian non deleted), South Africa (1,948), China (1,808), Vietnam (1,742), India (1,679), Palau (1,530), Mozambique (1,450), Thailand (1,407), Malaysia (1,366), Fiji (1,265) and Panama (1,262), and ahead Colombia (1,229) and Micronesia (1,227), considering only native.
ENDEMIC MARINE FISHES
For endemic marine fish, Brazil have only 104 in swallow water and 30 in deep sea (Intreasures, November 16, 2024), in 10th position worldwide, with Australia (933), Indonesia (241) and Japan (240) leading in this regard, and with U.S.A. (220) and Mexico (162) also in front of us. By marine endemic genera, Brazil had only four of them (Storrsia, Akko, Asarcenchelys and Leucogrammolycus, until 2024) in 4 families, U.S.A. has five genera in five families, and Mexico has 11 genera in nine families. Asarcenchelys (Ophichtidae) occur from Pará to Bahia state coasts (A. Carvalho-Filho et al. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2011).
REGIONAL DIVERSITIES IN BRAZIL
TAXONOMY BY GROUPFor fish diversity at Gurgueia Basin in southern Piauí state (152 spp.), see Silva et al. (Checklist, 2015); for large marine fishes of Brazil, see Grandes Peixes Oceânicos da Costa Brasileira (Alfredo Carvalho Filho's Lab, BOOK, 2020, 107 spp.); 225 marine spp. occur in Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Archipelago off Brazil (Carvalho-Filho et al., Journal of Fish Biology, 2020); 36 deep-sea fishes occur in northern coast of Brazil (Klautau et al., Neotropical Ichthyology, 2020); 273 spp occur in Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain (Pinheiro et al, Plos One, 2015); 250 spp. occur in Fernando de Noronha Is. (Pimentel et al., Neotropical Ichthyology, 2020). For 111 endemic reef-fishes in SW Atlantic, see Pinheiro et al, Diversity and Distribution, 2018.
A recent study detected 352 spp. of non-native fish from some region of Brazil, being 255 translocated and 97 exotics (Silva Rocha, Biological Invasions, 2023).
Primary numbers for fish diversity in Brazil are 5 Myxine (marine), 3 Holocephali (marine), 1 Dipneustii (freshwater), 183 Elasmobranchii (29 freshwater and 154 marine), and 4,677 Actinopterygii (1,094 marine and 3,583 freshwater). 3,613 freshwaters and 1,256 marine. 4,869 spp. in total. Add 22 introduceds, are 1,260 marine (as Fish Base/Marine) and 3,631 freshwaters (as Fish Base/Freshwaters), 4,891 in total.
However, a search of the global listing for Brazil lists 4,896 species (5 Myxine, 3 Holocephali, 184 Elasmobranchii, 1 Dipneustii, and 4,703 Actinopterygii; subtracting the 22 introduced species, we have 5 Myxine, 3 Holocephali, 184 Elasmobranchii, 1 Dipneustii, and 4,681 Actinopterygii), 5 species more than those listed separately. It is known that one of them is a marine Elasmobranchii and 4 are Actinopterygii.
In these terms, for Elasmobranchii, there are 29 freshwater species, 154 marine species, and 1 inconclusive. For Actinopterygii, there are 1,094 marine species, 3,583 freshwater species, and 4 inconclusive. However, the definitive numbers, listed in our table, are increased by the species detected in the country but not listed in FishBase.
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34.1 MYXINE
90 spp. in six genera of a single family - Myxinidae - and order (Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024). (3/)5 spp. occur in Brazil (Fish Base, Nov 16, 2024), two endemics (Intreasures, Nov 16, 2024). Absent genera are Rubicundus (4, in the isolated collection: Tasman Sea, Galapagos Is., Taiwan, and off SE U.S.A., SEE), Notomyxine (1, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, SEE), and Neomyxine (2, coasts of New Zealand, SEE).
34.2 PETROMYZONTII
(10/)48 spp. in three families a single order (Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024; for data from all species described until 2011, with pictures and maps, see Renaud, FAO), Petromyzontiformes, absent in Brazil: Geotridae (1/2, SEE), from cold waters of Argentina, Chile, Falklands, Uruguay, Australia and New Zealand (SEE); Mordaciidae (1/3, SEE), in Chile (1) and Australia (2); and Petromyzontidae (8/43, SEE), exclusively from northern Hemisphere:
Caspiomyzon (3) ‣ Greece and Caspian basin.
Entosphenus (6) ‣ 5 restricted to the W U.S.A. and Canada, and one distributed along the northern Pacific of Baja California to Hokkaido, Japan.
Eudontomyzon (5) ‣ 4 spp. in SE Europe, and one in North Korea and China.
Ichthyomyzon (6) ‣ Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico (none, however, from Mexico).
Lampetra (12) ‣ North Pacific, North America and Europe, with a notable three spp. endemic to Portugal.
Lethenteron (7) ‣ North America, Asia and Europe.
Petromyzon (1) ‣ skirting the North Atlantic from Florida to NW Africa.
Tetrapleurodon (2) ‣ endemic to lakes of Mexico.
34.3 ELASMOBRANCHII
1,437 spp. in 212 genera of 65 families and 13 orders (Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024). (42:79/)184 spp. occur in Brazil in 11 orders in Fish Base, at Nov 16, 2024): 29 freshwater, 154 marine, and 1 inconclusive. 27 endemics in Brazil (Intreasures, Nov 16, 2024, 13 marine and 14 freshwater).
Here, we also consider Triaenodon obesus Rüppell, 1837 (Carcharhinidae) in Brazil (Bornatowski et al., Wiley Journal of Fish Biology, 2018), a new for country after FishBase. Thus, the numbers in Brazil total (42:80/)185 spp., 29 freshwater, 155 marine, and 1 inconclusive.
All orders in Brazil except Heterodontiformes, sharks in a single family, a single genus and 8 spp. from the Indian and Pacific (with three spp. on the pacific coast of the New World, Heterodontus franciscii Girard, 1855 in California, Baja California and possibly Ecuador and Peru, H. mexicanus from Mexico to Peru, and H. quoyi Fréminville, 1840 from Peru and Galápagos); and Pristiophoriformes (a single family with two genera and 8 spp. from western Indico Ocean from Arabia to South Africa, east up to Mauritius, around Australia, Japan to Taiwan, Philippines, and off coast of Bahamas to Cuba and Puerto Rico). 162 marine species in Mexico (FishBase/Mexico).
Species of Elasmobranchii that are confined to freshwaters belongs two families: Potamotrygonidae in South America (Amazon, Río de la Plata, Orinoco, Magdalena, Maracaibo, Parnaíba, and the Guianas, 6/40; this family also includes a single marine species, Styracura schmardae (Werner, 1904), widely and collected in Brazil. 29 freshwater species in Brazil, 14 endemics) and Dasyatidae in Africa (Congo, Niger, Sanaga, and Cross) and SE Asia (Mekong, Irrawaddy, Maekhlong, Chao Phraya, and Bornean, Sumatran and peninsular Malaysian rivers), by Lucifora et al. (CBM, 2015).
34.4 HOLOCEPHALI
60 spp. in six genera within three families at a single order (Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024). Four species in Brazil, at four genera, in all families of this class (three in Fish Base, Nov 16, 2024), one endemic (Intreasures, Nov 16, 2024, plus Rhinochimaera atlantica Holt & Byrne, 1909, collected in Brazil in Campos Basin, Demersais, 2017). Absent genera are Chimaera and Neoharriotta (SEE).
Neoharriota has three spp.: N. pinnata, Schnakenbeck 1931, which appear to be restricted to the eastern Atlantic, off the western coast of Africa; N. pumila, Didier and Stehmann 1996, presently known only from the NW Indian Ocean; and N. carri, known in the upper and mid continental slopes in the southern Caribbean (219–458 m depth range), disjunct in Guatemala (Polanco-Vásquez et al., Marine Biodiversity Records, 2017).
34.5 ACTINOPTERI
35,346 spp. (37,003 - 1,657) in 5,048 genera (5,288 - 240) of 535 families (612 - 77) and 56 orders (72 + 2 - 18), by Eschmeyer's CF in Nov 16, 2024. (222/1,198)4,681 spp. natively occur in Brazil in Fish Base in Nov 16, 2024 (genera and families made in manual count), 2,447 endemics (Intreasures, Nov 16, 2024: 2,329 freshwater, 97 shallow sea, and 21 deep sea).
Besides these numbers, we also include 111 new spp., 47 new genera, and 15 new families for Brazil, listed below, which are not cited in FishBase Nov 16, 2024. With these additions, we consider (237/1,245)4,792 spp. in our table.
Cyprinidae, Xenocyprididae, Clariidae, Ictaluridae, Salmonidae, Butidae, Osphronemidae, Centrarchidae are introduced families in Brazil (22 spp.).
ATELEOPODIFORMES (1 new order, 1 new family, 1 new genus, 1 new spp.) - Ijimaia antillarum (Ateleopodidae, Ateleopodiformes, genus, family and order inedited in Brazil after FishBase).
NOTACANTHIFORMES (1 new genus, 1 new spp.) - Halosaurus guentheri (Halosauridae, genus inedited for Brazil after FishBase).
ANGUILIFORMES (3 new families, 9 new genera, 20 new spp.) - Eurypharynx pelecanoides (Eurypharyngidae, genus and family inedited in Brazil after FishBase), Gymnothorax maderensis (Muraenidae), Myroconger pietschi (Myrocongridae, genus and family new for Brazil after FishBase), Acromycter atlanticus, A. perturbator, Bathycongrus dubius, B. vicinalis, Bathyuroconger vicinus, Xenomystax congroides, Ariosoma selenops, Paraconger caudilimbatus (Congridae, 3 new genera for Brazil after FishBase), Hoplunnis similis (Nettastomatidae), Atractodenchelys phrix, Ilyophis blachei, I. brunneus, Simenchelys parasitica, Synaphobranchus affinis, S. oregoni (Synaphobranchidae, 3 new genera for Brazil after FishBase), Cyema atrum (Cyematidae, genus and family inedited in Brazil after FishBase).
ALEPOCEPHALIFORMES (2 new genera, 2 new spp.) - Maulisia mauli (Platytroctidae, new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Photostylus pycnopterus (Alepocephalidae, a new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
AULOPIFORMES (2 new families, 4 new genera, 7 new spp.) - Bathypterois viridensi, Bathytyphlops marionae (Ipnopidae, the latter a new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Aulopus filamentosus (Aulopidae, new genus and family for Brazil after FishBase), Rosenblattichthys hubbsi (Scopelarchidae, new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Gigantura chuni (Giganturidae, new genus and family for Brazil after FishBase), Saurida normani, Synodus poeyi (Synodontidae),
ARGENTINIFORMES (1 new genus, 1 new spp.) - Rhynchohyalus natalensis (Opisthoproctidae, a new genus for Brazil after FishBase),
STOMIIFORMES (4 new genera, 21 new spp.) - Gonostoma denudatum (Gonostomatidae), Triplophos hemingi (Gonostomatidae, a new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Triplophos hemingi (Gonostomatidae), Aristostomias grimaldii, Astronesthes gudrunae, Borostomias eluscens, Eustomias bibulbosus, E. minimus, E. schmidti, Grammatostomias ovatus, G. dentatus, Pachystomias microdon, Photonectes achirus, Photostomias goodyeari (Stomiidae, three new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Eustomias antea, E. lucenae, E. ophioglossa, E. bertrandi (Stomiidae, all Brazilian endemics), Melanostomias dio, M. melanops, M. valdiviae (Stomiidae, the first endemic to Brazil).
ZEIFORMES (1 new genus, 2 new spp.) - Grammicolepis brachiusculus (Grammicolepididae), Pseudocyttus maculatus (Oreosomatidae, new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
LAMPRIFORMES (1 new genus, 1 new sp.) - Zu cristatus (Trachipteridae, a new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
TRACHICHTHYIFORMES (1 new genus, 1 new sp.) - Diretmus argenteus (Diretmidae, new genus and family for Brazil after FishBase).
CALLIONYMIFORMES (1 new genus, 1 new sp.) - Synchiropus agassizii (Callionymidae, new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
SCOMBRIFORMES (2 new families, 3 new genera, 6 new spp.) - Pseudoscopelus cordilluminatus (Chiasmodontidae), Scombrolabrax heterolepis (Scombrolabracidae, genus and family news for Brazil after FishBase), Paracaristius nudarcus, Platyberyx andriashevi, P. paucus, P. pietschi (Caristiidae, new family and two new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
PLEURONECTIFORMES (3 new spp.) - Poecilopsetta inermis (Pleuronectidae), Monolene antillarum, M. atrimana (Bothidae).
OPHIDIFORMES (1 new genus, 2 new spp.) - Dicrolene introniger (Ophidiidae), Petrotyx sanguineus (Bythitidae, new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
BERYCIFORMES (3 new families, 8 new genera, 15 new spp.) - Melamphaes polylepis, M. typhlops, M. eulepis, M. leprus, M. longivelis, Poromitra megalops, Scopeloberyx opercularis, S. opisthopterus, Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae, three new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Cetostoma regani, Ditropichthys storeri, Gyrinomimus bruuni (Cetomimidae, a family and three new genera for Brazil after FishBase), Rondeletia loricata (Rondeletiidae, new genus and family for Brazil after FishBase), Gibberichthys pumilus (Gibberichthyidae, new genus and family for Brazil after FishBase).
LOPHIIFORMES (2 new families, 3 new genera, 7 new spp.) - Sladenia shaefersi (Lophiidae, new genus for Brazil after FishBase), Gigantactis watermani (Gigantactinidae, genus and family news for Brazil after FishBase), Chaenophryne ramifera, Oneirodes anisacanthus, O. carlsbergi (Oneirodidae), Chaunax pictus, C. suttkusi (Chaunacidae, genus and family news for Brazil after FishBase).
ACROPOMATIFORMES (1 new family, 1 new genus, 4 new spp.) - Epigonus macrops, E. pandionis (Epigonidae), Bathysphyraenops simplex, Howella atlantica (Howellidae, new genera and family for Brazil after FishBase).
LABRIFORMES (1 new sp.) - Sparisoma rochae (Scaridae).
GADIFORMES (1 new family, 3 new genera, 10 new spp.) - Stylephorus chordatus (Stylephoridae, genus and family inedited in Brazil after FishBase), Macruronus novaezelandieae (Merluccidae, new genus for Brazil after Fish Base), Laemonema robustum, Laemonema barbatulum, Physiculus fulvus, Physiculus cirm (Moridae), Coelorinchus occa, Gadomus arcuatus, Nezumia atlantica, N. suilla (Macrouridae, one new genus for Brazil after FishBase).
PERCIFORMES (2 new genera, 8 new spp.) - Antias asperilingui, Odontanthias cauoh (Serranidae, new genera for Brazil after FishBase), Serranus fusculus (Serranidae), Pontinus rathbuni (Scorpaenidae), Prionotus beanii, P. ophryas, P. stearnsi (Triglidae), Peristedion ecuadorense (Peristediidae).
FRESHWATERS
In number of freshwater fish, Brazil with its 3,631 spp. leads quite loosely over China, in second place (1,616, excluding 28 introduceds), and overwhelms Australia (360, excludes 32 introduceds), Indonesia (1,250, excluding 20 introduceds) and Mexico (576). All Brazilian freshwater fishes are Actinopteri except 29 Elasmobranchii and one Lepidosirenidae.
74 families of Actinopteri has freshwater species in South America, 66 occur in Brazil and eight out, being two confined southern South America, two Antarctic, two widely in New World, one Andean and one Atlantic/Caribbean: Cyprinodontidae (9-10/103, three genera in South America: Cyprinodon (49, 2 in South America, NE Colombia, Venezuela, possibly in Guyana), Orestias (45, 2,800–4,600 m in the Andes of C & S Peru, W Bolivia, and NE Chile, SEE), Pseudorestias (1, Tarapacá Basin in Andean Chile, SEE) and Yssolebias(1, endemic to Rio Madalena in Colombia, SEE)), Gobiesocidae (53/189, only 7 freshwater, all in Gobiesox from New World except Brazil, three in South America from Venezuela to Peru; Gobiesox includes saltwaters in Brazil), Astroblepidae (1/82, high altitudes from Panama to Bolivia, mainly in Andean region, all freshwater), Anguillidae (1/15, with Anguilla rostrata Lesueur, 1817, a catadromous species, SEE, from Greenland up to Colombia and Venezuela, MAP; for consistent details, SEE), Nematogenyidae (1/1, Concepcion, Rancagua and Angol regions from C Chile), Diplomystidae (2/7, W Argentina and E Chile), Percichthyidae (7/23, Australia, with Percichthys in central Chile and Argentina), and Galaxiidae (7/66, mainly Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, three in South America: Aplochiton with three spp. exclusive to Argentina and Chile; Brachygalaxias with two spp. endemic to Chile; and Galaxias with 46 spp. in Oceania, three in South America and one in South Africa). In these 8 families, in South America occur only 14 genera (154 spp. in continent, 4/5 in Austroblepus or Orestias): 8 only in Argentina and Chile, 3 only in Colombia and Venezuela, 3 wider (Astroblepus, Orestias, Gobiesox).
MARINE
1,952 marine spp. in Mexico (2,127 - 6 - 2 - 162 - 4, FishBase/Mexico, in 2023).
ENDEMISMS
For endemic freshwater species, Brazil has 2,313 spp. (Intreasures in November 16, 2024, excludes one Lepidosirenidae abd 29 Potamotrygonidae), more than the sum of the joint endemic species of China and the U.S.A., the following in the list, and about 7✕ those of Mexico. 485 of these are Loricariidae, 437 Characidae, 293 Rivulidae and 138 Cichlidae. In addition, there are 118 genera (Intreasures, November 16, 2024) endemic (in 21 families), with notable emphasis on Hypsolebias (52, Rivulidae), Pareiorhaphis (28, Loricariidae) and Aspidoras (18, Callichthyidae). 34 of these genera are Loricariidae and 30 are Characidae. Mexico has 33 endemic genera of freshwater fish (in 12 families), 16 of which are Goodeidae and 2 Cyprinidae. Of the 318 spp. of freshwater fish endemic to Mexico, 43 are Goodeidae, 27 Cyprinodontidae and 70 are Poeciliidae; remarkable are Chirostoma (20, Atherinopsidae) and Tetraplueurodon (2, Petromyzonti) .
For endemic families, in the New World only Chile, U.S.A. and Brazil have them, all in Actinopterigii. In Brazil Tarumaniidae (1/1, Tarumania walkerae Pinna, Zuanon, Py-Daniel, Petry, 2017). In Chile Perciliidae (1/2) and Nematogenydae (1/1), and in U.S.A. Amblyopsidae (6/9), Aphredoderidae (1/1) and Elassomatidae (1/7). Lacantuniidae was considered endemic to Mexico, but was collected in Guatemala (Quintana et al., CheckList, 2019).
All families with endemic genera of freshwater fish in some country in South America are Actinoptrigii and have them in Brazil, except: Chenuchidae (only in Peru), Lebiasinidae (only in Guyana), Galaxiidae, Nematogeniidae and Perciliidae (these only in Chile).
RECORDS
The deepest record of a fish is the Pseudoliparis swirei Gerringer & Linley, 2017 (Liparidae), recorded at 8,076m deep in November 21, 2014 in Mariana Trench, U.S.A. ZEE (Wikipedia). Two of three smallest fishes (possibly the smallest worldwide) are Brazilian Leptophilypnion (Eleotridae, fishes only 9mm lenght, by Wikipedia), genus with only two species, endemic to the states of Amazonas and Pará each, but the genus is not recognized as endemic to Brazil in Intresures.
ORDERS
Despite the classification conflicts between the two main fish references, FishBase (SEE) and Eschmeyer's CF (SEE, Nov 16, 2024), it is officially agreed that there are 14 orders of Actinopterygii absent in Brazil. However, one of them, Ateleopodiformes, is considered native to Brazil (see Klautau et al., Neotropical Ichthyology, 2020). Thus, here we provide a summary of the other 13 that are truly absent. Gymnotiformes, Symbranchiformes and Osteoglossiformes does not occur in North America.
ACTINOPTERIGII PHYLOGENY
UNBRAZILIAN NON-TELEOSTEI ORDERS
1 Acipenseriformes ▸ two primitive families:
Polyodontidae ‣ diotypic family with very remarkable distribution: Polyodon spathula Walbaum, 1792 from the Mississipi Basin and adjacent flows, U.S.A. (MAP) and Psephurus gladius Martens, 1862, only Yang-Tse river in China, this extinct (MAP).
Acipenseridae ‣ (4/)25 spp.: Acipenser: Aleutian islands to NW Mexico, inland in some stremas in NW U.S.A. and SW Canada (2), Quebec to Lousiana and several strems inland E U.S.A. and E Canada (2), one Mississipi Basin, Canadian rivers, Greater Lakes (1), Hainan to Sakhalin, inland in Yang Tze-River and , Amur river in NE China and SE Russia and Japan (4), Iceland, Kola peninsula do Marocco, northern Mediterranean from Algeria to Turkyie, Black Sea and Caspian Lake shores, inland in Pó, Danube, Dniepre, Don, Volga, Ural, Kura, Ghezel Ozan in N Iran, Dvina, Ob and Yenissei rivers (7), and Artic and Asian Russia into Kazhakhstan and Baikal Lake (1); Huso: 2, one in Black, Azov, Caspian and Adriatic sea basins from N Italy to European Russia and N Iran/SEE, and one in the Amur basin in BE China, SE Russia, North Korea, Sakhalin and Hokkaido island in Japan/SEE); Pseudoscaphyrhynchus: 3, endemic to the extinct Aral Lake, currently in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and perhaps Afghanistan/SEE; and Scaphyrhynchus: 3, S. albus S. A. Forbes & R. E. Richardson, 1905 and S. platorynchus Rafinesque, 1820 from Montana to Louisina along Mississipi river and smal tributaries; and S. suttkusi J. D. Williams & Clemmer, 1991 in Alabama river in Alabama state.2 Lepisosteiformes ▸ a single living family, 7 spp. in two genera from North America, Central America and Caribbean. Brazilian fossils in PaleoZoo (SEE).
Atractosteus - three spp.: A. spatula Lacépède, 1803 (S U.S.A.), A. tristoechus Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (W Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud) and A. tropicus T. N. Gill, 1863 (S Mexico to Costa Rica).
Lepisosteus - 4 spp.: L. oculatus Winchell, 1864 (Ontario to Texas in eastern half of U.S.A.), L. osseus L., 1758 (SE Canada to New Mexico and E Mexico), L. platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 (Montana to the west and the Ohio River to the east, southwards to the Gulf Coast) and L. platyrhincus DeKay, 1842 (Georgia and Florida).3 Amiiformes ▸ composed only by Amiidae and Amia calva L., 1776, from the E U.S.A. (from Minnesota to Texas and Florida) and extreme SE Canada. Brazilian fossils in PaleoZoo (SEE).
NO NEW WORLD TELEOSTEI ORDERS
4 Lepidogalaxiiformes ▸ only one sp., Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Mees, 1961, endemic to extreme point of Western Australia, in a very small range.
5 Anabantiformes ▸ 8 families (26/)281 spp., from Africa and tropical Asia from India to Philippines (Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024).
NEW WORLD NON SOUHT AMERICAN TELEOSTEI ORDERS
6 Salmoniformes ▸ (15/)272 spp.; composed by the family Salmonidae (11/259, Balcans to Korea and Canada to Mexico; only Oncorhynchus in latter), Esocidae (3/10 spp., Canada. U.S.A., Asia to the Amur and Europe, all in Esox) and Umbridae (1/3, Canada. U.S.A., Europe and Asia).
7 Osmeriformes ▸ 4 families and (17/)49 spp., three from E Russia to New Zealand, and Osmeridae in New World, from North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, as well as rivers, streams and lakes in Europe, North America and NE Asia. Excludes Argentiniformes.
8 Percopsiformes ▸ three families and (8/)15 spp.: Percopsidae (1/2), Amblyopsidae (6/9, all from the U.S.A.) and Aphedoderidae (1/4, exclusively from the U.S.A.)., Alaska to Quebec and southward to Missouri and Kentucky, eastern United States, primarily lowlands of Atlantic drainage from Long Island southward, Gulf of Mexico slope, Mississippi Valley, and part of Great Lakes drainage.
9 Hiodontiformes ▸ only Hiodontidae and two spp. in a single genus of the U.S.A. and Canada (primarily Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, Mississippi, and St. Lawrence river systems).
10 Cypriniformes ▸ 3,268 spp. in 321 genera of six families, only two in New World, Catastomidae (15/85 spp., almost endemic to North America except species in Russia and China one each) and Cyprinidae (162/1780), from Old World and (53/)286 spp. New World, 52 of them endemics, from Canada to south Mexico, and Phoxinus also in Eurasia. In U.S.A., diversities includes 119 in Mississippi Basin, 80 in Cuberland and Tennesseee Basins, 47 in Mobile Basin, 31 in Hudson Bay Basins, 16 in Colorado Basin, 43 in Rio Grande Basin; in Mexico, diversities includes Panuco (11), Balsas (2), Papaloapan (1, Atlantic southermost record, Veracruz) and Atoyac (1, Pacific southermost record, Oaxaca), both with Hybopsis species (Winfield & Nelson, BOOK, 1991). (17/)77 spp. in Mexico (FishBase), 50 endemics (and 7 endemic genera, SEE).
SOUTH AMERICAN TELEOSTEI ORDERS
11 Gonorynchiformes ▸ 4 families and (7/)40 spp.: Gonorrhynchidae (1/5, only G. gonorhynchus cited for the New World, in Chile, rare in southern Atlantic, e.g., St. Helena), Phractolaemidae (monotypic, Niger Delta and Malebopool and Zaire systems), Kneriidae (4/33, Africa) and Chanidae (1/1, Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775, tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific, rare in eastern Pacific from southern California and Mexico to Peru).
12 Galaxiiformes ▸ single-family order with (7/)66 spp., mostly in Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, but three genera occur elsewhere: Aplochiton (3, exclusive to Argentina and Chile), Brachygalaxias (2, endemic to Chile), and Galaxias, which also has three of its species in South America and one in South Africa.
■ endemic families in New World: Amblyopsidae (6/9, U.S.A.), Aphredoderidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Elassomatidae (1/7, U.S.A.), Nematogenyidae (1/1, Chile), Perciliidae (1/2, Chile), Polyodontidae (1/1, U.S.A.), Tarumaniidae (1/1, Brazil).
34.6 CLADISTIA
14 spp. in two genera (Erpetoichthys and Polypterus, Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024) within a single family (Polypteridae) in order Polypteriformes, in freshwater bodies from N Senegal to SW Tanzania, north along Nile river up to Egypt, highly centered in Congo River system (Moritz & Britz, Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 2019).
34.7 DIPNEUSTII
6 spp. in three genera and three families in a single order Ceratodontiformes (Eschmeyer's CF, Nov 16, 2024): Neoceratodontidae (only one sp., Neoceratodon forsteri Krefft, 1870, endemic to coastal basins in Queensland, Australia), Protopteridae (4 spp. in Protopterus, tropical Africa) and Lepidosirenidae (only Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitz, 1836, from Brazil and several adjacent countries except Peru and Uruguay).
34.8 COELACANTHII
Coelacantii has only two species in a single genus and family: Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939 from Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Comoros Archipelago up to South Africa, and L. menadoensis Pouyaud et al., 1999 from north of Sulawesi to N New Guinea island in Indonesia (Kadashuman, Scientific Reports, 2020).
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| A PHYLOGENY PROPOSAL FOR TETRAPODA, BASED ON SEVERAL TREES FROM WIKIPEDIA (FOR FULL ZOOM, OPEN IN A NEW WINDOW) |
34.9 AMPHIBIATwo main sources for Amphibians: Amphibian of the World (AWr) and Amphibia Web (A.Web). By AWb are 8,642 spp. worldwide, 7,334 Anura, 813 Caudata and 221 Gymnophiona among 75 families and 558 genera overall (SEE). By Mongabay (SEE) the largest diversities are four South Americans: Brazil (1,022), Colombia (771), Ecuador (626) and Peru (572).
By Amphibia of the World Brazil has 1,253 spp. (in 118 genera and 27 families), being 1,208 Anura, 39 Gymnophiona (36 non-Caecilia) and 5 Urodela. By this source, Colombia has 39 spp. of Gymnophiona (16 non-Caecilia), 27 spp. of Urodela and 834 Anura; worldwide India and Colombia leads in Gymnophiona (41), Brazil in Anura, and U.S.A. in Urodela (225). For list updates see UPDATES.
By Aurelio Ramírez-Bautista et al (ZooKeys, 2023), Mexico has (16:58/)430 amphibians (300 endemics), being (11:37/)270 anurans (168 endemics), (4:19/)157 Urodela (131 endemics) and (1:2/)3 Gymnophiona (one endemic).
NON BRAZILIAN
Worldwide there are 76 Amphibians families, being 56 Anura, 9 in Urodela and 11 in Gymnophiona. In New World occur 41 families, being 28 Anura, 8 Urodela and 5 Gymnophiona. All New World families occur in South America except the anuran Ascaphidae (1/2, Canadá to U.S.A.), Rhinophrynidae (1/1, Texas to Costa Rica), and Scaphiopodidae (2/7, Canada and USA south to temperate southern Mexico), and seven in Urodela, Amphiumidae (3) and Rhyacotritonidae (4) endemics to U.S.A.; Ambystomatidae (30) and Sirenidae (5) from U.S.A. up to Canadá and Mexico; Salamandridae (132), Cryptobranchidae (4) and Proteidae (9) also in Old World.
Five South American amphibian families do not occur in Brazil: Telmatobiidae (Anura, 1/63), with Telmatobius from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile; Batrachylidae (Anura, 4/12), restricted to Chile and Argentina; Calyptocephalellidae (Anura, 2/15), endemic to central Chile; Rhinodermatidae (Anura, 2/3), also Chile and Argentina; and Dermophidae (Gymnophiona), the only family of the order to occur in Mexico, with 4 genera, two in Africa, Gymnops (2) in Central America and Dermophis (7) from Central America, centered in Costa Rica, but two extend to S Mexico, and two to NW Colombia.
AMPHIBIAN FAMILIES IN SOUTH AMERICA ABSENTS IN BRAZIL
All Urodela from southern Mexican Plateau are Bolitoglossines. Mexican diversity of Urodela (the second worldwide) is concentrated in Plethodontidae (15/139, 6 genera endemics), and the only exceptions are some Ambystomidae (17), a single Sirenidae and a single Salamandrideae.
Data in Jaramillo et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2020) suggests the existence of 36 new species of Bolitoglossa in the Amazon. If confirmed, the current diversity of the genus will increase in Colombia (25 to 26, excluding B. altamazonica), Ecuador (8 to 17, excluding B. altamazonica), Peru (6 to 28) and Brazil (5 to 8, 7 endemics and one shared with Peru, excluding B. altamazonica), taking the genus to 176 spp., the family to 556 spp. (c. 2/3 of the Urodela on the planet) and the order of 858 spp., base do AWr.
In Gymnophiona, all New World genera occur in Brazil except Dermophis (7, Mexico to Colombia), Amazops (1, endemic to Ecuador), Gymnopis (2, Mexico to Panama) and Epicrionopis (7, Venezuela to Peru, possibly in Brazil). By Acosta-Galvis et al. (ZooKeys, 2019), Siphonopidae is paraphyletic with respect to Dermophiidae due to the placement of Microcaecilia nicefori Barbour, 1924, endemic to Colombia, former genus Parvicaecilia.
NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF BOLITOGLOSSINES BY REGION
The large family Eleutherodactylidae has 4 genera (one of them endemic to Brazil); Eleutherodactylus has 204 spp., only one in South America, E. johnstomei. Bigger genera few represented in Brazil includes Hyloxalus (Dendrobatidae, 63, two in Brazil) and Pristimantis (569, only 35 in Brazil; 215 in Colombia - c. 1/3 of all Anura in this country).
ENDEMICS
In endemic species, Brazil has 821 spp. (Intreasures), more tham the sum of the 2th and 3th place (China with 407 and Colombia with 406 spp.). In the Mexico ✕ Brazil duel among endemic species we have Urodela with 133 ✕ 4, Gymnophiona with 1 ✕ 26 and Anura with 162 ✕ 791. 179 of the 229 U.S.A. endemic amphibians are Urodela; Mexico, Peru, Colombia and Brazil are among the few countries in the world with endemic species in the three orders of amphibians.In endemic genera, in Brazil there are 30 genera (3 in Gymnophiona, in the families Siphonopidae and Typhlonectidae, and 27 in Anura, in 9 families: Brachycephalidae, Cyclorhamphidae, Eleutherodactylidae, Hemiphractidae, Hylidae, Hylodidae, Microhylidae, Odontophrytidae and Strabomantidae); emphasis on the genera Brachycephalus (36), Bokermannohyla (32) and Cycloramphus (28); Mexico there are 9 endemic genera (3 in Hylidae and 6 in Plethodontidae), with the notable presence of Thorius (29); all eight genera of amphibians endemic to the U.S.A. are from Urodela; Colombia has 5 endemic genera in Strobomantidae (3), Dendrobatidae/Aromobatidae (1) and Centrolenidae (1).ANURAN NOTES
Unbrazilian genera in South America belongs Alsodidae, Aromobatidae, Batrachylidae, Bufonidae, Calyptocephallelidae, Centrolenidae, Ceratophryidae, Craugastoridae, Dendrobatidae, Eleutherodactylidae, Hemiphractidae, Hylidae, Rhynodermatidae, Strabomantidae and Telmatobiidae.Batrachylidae, Calyptocephallelidae, Rhynodermatidae and Telmatobiidae does not occur in Brazil. In Craugastoridae, Bufonidae, Eleutherodactylidae, Hylidae and Hemiphractidae Brazil has the largest diversity of genera and species.
In Strabomantidae Brazil has the largest diversity of genera after Peru, which has six endemic genera, inc. a huge, Phrynops, with 35 spp. Brazil has 55 spp., and Colombia has 266 spp. In Alsodidae and Ceratophryidae, Brazil has one more less genera that Argentina; in Aromobatidae Colombia and Venezuela has two genera more than Brazil, and Colombia has a endemic genus; Brazil has 30 spp., against 15 in Colombia; in Centrolenidae, Colombia and Ecuador has 10 of 11 genera, inc. Centrolene; Venezuela has one endemic genus; Brazil has 13 spp., and Colombia has 74; in Dendrobatidae, Colombia has 14 genera and 111 spp.; Brazil has 55 spp. in 5 genera (only 7 species endemics).
OTHER NOTES
Brazilian endemic gymnphiona Atretochoana eiselti is the largest lungless tetrapod worldwide (Hoogmoed et al., Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi, 2011); only two amphibians in the world are venomous, both Hylidae endemic to E Brazil: Bruno's casque-headed frog (Aparasphenodon brunoi) and Greening's frog (Corythomantis greeningi) - NHM; Hopkins & Brodie (Herpetological Monographies, 2015) lists 144 spp. in 28 families of amphibians in saline habitats, some collected in Brazil, inc. the single record of this feature at Gymnophiona, by Atretochoana eiselti. For other facts of amphibia, see Amphibia Facts.
■ endemic families in New World: Amphiumidae (Urodela, 1/3, U.S.A.), Calyptocephalellidae (Anura, 2/5, Chile), Cyclorhamphidae (Anura, 3/37, Brazil), Neblinaphrynidae (Anura, 1/1, Brazil), Rhyacotritonidae (Urodela, 1/4, U.S.A.).
34.10 RHYNCHOCEPHALIAOnly extant species, Sphenodon punctatus Gray, 1842 (SEE), restricted of small islands aroung North Island in New Zealand. This lineage is the highest degree of national endemism in a country among the Craniata and one of the largest in Metazoa.34.11 SQUAMATA11,469 spp. in 1,157 genera of 67 families in nine high lineages (Repfocus). 37 families occur in New World, 25 in Mexico; endemic families occur all in Amphisbaenia clade: U.S.A., Mexico and Cuba one endemic each. In all Brazilian families Brazil has the first diversity of genera in New World (shared or isolated) except Anguidae, Iguanidae and Liolaemidae and Serpentes.
Brazil has the third largest diversity of Squamata worldwide (24:169/776), after Australia (1,020) and Mexico (897), and ahead Indonesia (764). Brazil has the fifth largest diversity in endemic Squamata (402), after Australia (997), Mexico (567), India (428), Madagascar (424), and ahead Indonesia (369), by Intreasures. In families, Brazil has 25 (9 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), Mexico 26 (8 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), Colombia 24 (9 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), U.S.A only 11 (5 in snakes, one in Amphisbaena), by Repfocus. Among endemic genera in New World, Brazil has 39 (in seven families; 12 in snakes, all Colubridae), Mexico 17 (in six families; 14 in snakes, in 3 families), Colombia only one (in Gymnophthalmidae) and U.S.A. 8, all in snakes, by Repfocus.
For all 67 spp. of marine Squamata (sea snakes, marine iguane), see Bertolero et al. (EOLSS, no data). Of these, none occur in Brazil.
11. 1 DIBAMIIDAE CLADE a single family.
1 Dibamidae ▸ 23 snake-like lizards: one Anelytropsis from Mexico (SEE) and 22 from SE Asia, almost legless except male of some species, with small flap-like hind limbs.
11.2 GEKKOTA CLADE families absents in New World are Diplodactylidae (25/137, Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia), Pygopodidae (8/35, Australia and New Guinea), Carphodactylidae (1/30, Australia). 17 genera in New World, 11 in Brazil (the largest diversity in New World, one endemic).
2 Eublepharidae ▸ 6/30, mainly Africa and Asia, but Coleonyx (8) from SW U.S.A. to Costa Rica, mainly in Mexico.
3 Sphaerodactylidae ▸ 12/200, North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, as well as in Southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and into Central Asia; 5 genera and 17 spp. in Brazil (8 endemics in three genera). Only two another genera occur in New World: Aristelliger (Caribbean, one sp. also in Mexico and Belize) and Sphaerodactylus (c. 107 spp., 7 in South America, from Venezuela to Ecuador). 6 spp. in 3 genera in Mexico (none taxa endemic); the largest diversities are Venezuela (28) and Dominican Republic (25); Brazil has the seventh (SEE).
4 Phyllodactylidae ▸ 10/148, New World, North Africa, Europe and the Middle East. 4 genera and 12 spp. in Brazil (7 endemics in two genera, with Gymnodactylus a endemic genus); three New World genera does not occur in Brazil: Garthia (2 spp., endemic to Chile), Phyllodactylus (Mexico to Chile) and Tarentola (Africa and Europe, one endemic to Caribbean). Mexico has 2 genera and 19 spp. (15 endemics, all in a single genus); the largest diversities are Mexico (21), Peru (17), Ecuador (14) and Brazil (12, SEE).
5 Gekkonidae ▸ 64/950, worldwide, with many introduced species in New World. Only two genera occur naturally from Mexico to South America and Caribbean: Lygodactylus (64 spp., 62 in Africa and two in Brazil, one of them up to Bolivia and Paraguay) and Hemidactylus (c. 170 spp. worldwide, possibly only 5 in New World: H. agrius and H. brasilianus endemics to Brazil, H. mabouia and H. palaichthus widely distributed, both also in Brazil, and H. brookii, from tropics of Old World, and from Mexico to Colombia and Caribbean). Brazil has the greatest diversity in the New World, but only the 92th in the world (SEE).
11.3 SCINCOMORPHA CLADE ‣ four families, two only Old World: Gerrhosauridae (6/32, Africa and Madagascar) and Cordylidae (10/79, S & E Africa); only one family in South America.
6 Xanthusiidae ▸ three genera, Xantusia (14, southwestern North America and Baja California), Cricosaura (1, endemic to Cuba) and Lepidophyma (19, Mexico to Panama).
7 Scincidae ▸ Mexico has 37 spp. at 4 genera of three subfamilies (Marisora in Mabuyinae, Mesoscincus and Plestiodon in Scincinae, and Scincella in Sphenomorphinae); all South American members of this family are Mabuyinae (Pereira & Schrago, PeerJ, 2017), subfamily with 25 genera: 9 only in Old World, Alinea, Capitellum, Mabuya and Spondylurus are endemic to Caribbean islands; Maracaiba occur only in Venezuela and Colombia; Morisora only in Mexico, Central America and Caribbean; and all remaining 10 in Brazil (16 spp., 7 endemics in 4 genera), with two endemic genera (Brasiliscincus and Psychosaura) and curiously Trachylepis, genus widely distributed and restricted of Africa except Trachylepis atlantica endemic to Fernando de Noronha Is. off NE Brazil. In New World the two largest diversities are Mexico (34) and Brazil (15, SEE).
11.4 LACERTIFORMATA CLADE ‣ only one family: the Old World Lacertidae (39/300), a large lineage absent in New World.
11.5 AMPHISBAENIA CLADE ‣ six families, two only in Old World: Blanidae (1/8, Europe, northern Africa) and Trogonophidae (North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and western Iran). All South American genera occur in Brazil.8 Amphisbaenidae ▸ legless lizards, with 12 genera, 9 in Africa and adjacent regions, and three in South America (with 115 spp.), highly centered in Brazil (81), in all genera, endemics also in all genera. RepFocus recognizes Aulura, Anops, Bronia and Cercolophia as independent of Amphisbaenia (SEE), but here we reject them, in alignment with most of the sources used.
9 Rhineuridae ▸ only one sp., Rhineura floridana, endemic to Florida, U.S.A.
10 Bipedidae ▸ only one genus, Bipes, with three spp., endemics to Mexico.
11 Cadeidae ▸ one genus - Cadea - and two species endemics to Cuba.
11.6 ANGUIMORPHA ‣ three families absent in New World: Shinisauridae (1/1, SE China and Vietnam), Lanthanotidae (1/1, Borneo), Varanidae (80 spp. in a single genus); both South American genera occur in Brazil.12 Helodermatidae ▸ 5 spp. in Heloderma, from SW Nevada in U.S.A. to S Guatemala (2, one endemic), mainly along Pacific coast of Mexico (4, 2 endemics).13 Xenosauridae ▸ 12 spp. in Xenosaurus, from center Mexico to center Guatemala.
SQUAMATA EXXOGENERA EXCEPT IN IGUANIA, TEIFORMATA AND OPHIDIA
11.7 TEIFORMATA CLADE ‣ both families occur in South America. 74 genera, 48 in Brazil, 24 endemics.
15 Gymnophthalmidae ▸ 281 spp. in 56 genera; 37 genera in Brazil (99, largest diversity worldwide, SEE), 23 endemics; there are more endemic genera in Brazil than outside of it. Only one species occur in Mexico, Gymnophthalmus speciosus. Genera absent in Brazil: Adercosaurus (Venezuela), Anadia (Costa Rica to Ecuador and Guyana), Andinosaura, Gelanesaurus (these simultaneously only in Colombia and Ecuador), Centrosaura (Costa Rica, Panama), Dendrosauridion, Petracola, Wilsonosaura (these endemics to Peru), Echinosaura (Panamá to Ecuador), Euspondylus (Venezuela to Peru), Kaieteurosaurus, Pantepuisaurus, Rheosaurus, Yanomamia (Guyana), Macropholidus, Selvasaura (these simultaneously in Ecuador and Peru), Magdalenasaura (Colombia), Pholidobolus (Panamá to Peru and Venezuela) and Riama (Venezuela to Ecuador).
:: in vertebrates, true parthenogenesis is found only in Squamata and (mostly) originates via interspecific hybridization after secondary contact (Brunes et al., Mol. Phyl. and Evol., 2019); Leposoma percarinatum Müller, a parthenogenetic species from northern South America, has 66 chromosomes: one of the few known examples of a triploid genome in vertebrates (Catalogue of Organisms).
16 Teiidae ▸ 18 genera and 179 spp. 7 genera does not occur in Brazil: Aspidoscelis (46, Mexico and U.S.A.), Aurivela (2, Argentina), Dicrodon (3, Peru to Ecuador), Holcosus (18, Mexico to Ecuador), Medopheos (1, Peru and Ecuador), Pholidoscelis (20, Caribbean) and Callopistes (4, Ecuador to Chile); Brazil has the largest diversity of genera, with a endemic Glaucomastix, and 42 spp.; however, the largest diversity of species are in Mexico (54) within two genera: Aspidoscelis and Holcosus; Brazil has the second diversity (SEE).
11.8 IGUANIA ‣ three families only in Old World: Chamaeleonidae (12/219, mainly in Madagascar), Opluridae (2/8, Madagascar and Grande Comores) and Agamidae (61/569). Brazil has 7 families, and Mexico has 5. South America has 28 genera, 17 of them in Brazil, three endemics.
17 Leiocephalidae ▸ only the genus Leiocephalus and 29 spp., all from West Indies.18 Phrynosomatidae ▸ 9 genera and 163 spp., 108 in Sceloporus; Canada to Panamá.
19 Crotaphytidae ▸ two genera and 12 spp. from N Mexico and SW U.S.A. (SEE).
20 Iguanidae ▸ nine genera; highly diverse in Mexico (5/19), Central America and West Indies; 4 genera occur in South America, Amblyrhynchus and Conolophus endemic to Galapagos, and the Mesoamerican Ctenosaura with one species in Colombia; among Iguana, the single genus in Brazil, of the 4 spp. only Iguana iguana occur in South America.
21 Corytophanidae ▸ 3 genera and from Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela; two genera (Basiliscus and Corytophanes) and 4 spp. occur in South America (SEE).
22 Liolaemidae ▸ 239 spp. in three genera from Peru to Patagonia and S Brazil, inc. the second largest reptile genus, Liolaemus, with 190 spp. (after Anolis); three spp. occur in Brazil, two of them endemics (SEE), slightly disjuncts from coast of Rio de Janeiro state to S Rio Grande do Sul state (SEE); the other genus are Phymaturus (48 spp. from Chile and Argentina) and Ctenoblepharys (a single species endemic to coasts of Peru); family absent in Mexico and in Colombia. Argentina has 211 spp., and Chile has 116 (SEE).
23 Hoplocercidae ▸ three genera, Morunasaurus from Panama and Peru and two in Brazil, none endemics; family absent in Mexico; largest diversities are Peru (12), Ecuador (11), Colombia (8) and Brazil (3, SEE).24 Tropiduridae ▸ 8 genera and 138 spp., all genera in Brazil (inc. two endemics) except Microlophus with 20 spp. from Galapagos and Ecuador to Chile; family absent in Mexico; largest diversities in Peru (57) and Brazil (42, SEE).25 Dactyloidae ▸ 436 spp. in a single genus, Anolis; Brazil has only 18 spp., and only 5 endemics. Mexico has 55 spp. and Colombia has 77 spp., the largest diversity worldwide (SEE).26 Polychrotidae ▸ 8 spp. in a single genus, Polychrus, from Central and South America, largest diversities are Ecuador (5), Peru (5), Bolivia (3) and Brazil (3, SEE), none endemic; family absent in Mexico.27 Leiosauridae ▸ 6 genera and 34 spp.; largest diversities in Argentina (17) and Brazil (15 spp. in 4 genera, SEE, inc. as endemic the largest genus in family, Enyalius); two genera does not occur in Brazil, Diplolaemus and Pristidactylus, both from Argentina and Chile; family absent in Mexico and Colombia.
EXXOGENERA IN IGUANIA
11.9 SERPENTES ‣ Brazil has the second largest diversity of snakes worldwide (420), after Mexico (438, SEE); 8 genera of snakes non-Colubridae occur in South America but non in Brazil; the 10 New World snake families can be divided into three analytical groups:
SCOLECOPHIDIA ‣ four families, Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae in New World and Brazil, Gerhophilidae from SE Asia and Oceania, and Xenophidiidae from Malaysia and Indonesia. No venomous.
28 Leptotyphlopidae (14/144) ‣ 7 genera in New World, Tetracheilostoma in Lesser Antilles, Mitophis in Hispaniola, Rena from U.S.A. to Mexico, and 4 in Brazil (largest diversity in New World along French Guiana). Brazil has the 2 th diversity in World (18, after Peru, 19, SEE).
29 Typhlopidae (19/276) ‣ Brazil has 21 th diversity in World (7 spp. in a single genus, SEE ) and 3 th in New World after Cuba (12) and Haiti (10). Cuba and Bahamas has two genera each.
ALETHINOPHIDIA ⟫ ANOMALEPTIDAE CLADE ‣ a single family. No venomous.
30 Anomalepitidae (4/23) ‣ Brazil has (2/)9 spp., largest diversity (SEE); Colombia and Ecuador has 3 genera each. Absent in Mexico.
ALETHINOPHIDIA ⟫ AMEROPHIDIA ‣ two families, both in New World and Brazil. No venomous.
31 Anilidae (1/1) ‣ a single species from Amazon Basin.
32 Tropidophiidae (2/36) ‣ two genera, Trachyboa (3, Panama to Ecuador) and Tropidophis (35, mainly Caribbean, also 3 in Ecuador to Peru, and 3 endemics to Brazil 3 th diversity worldwide). Absent in Mexico.
ALETHINOPHIDIA ⟫ UAC CLADE ‣ three families, Uropeltidae, Anomochilidae and Cylindrophiidae, fully absent in New World. No venomous.
ALETHINOPHIDIA ⟫ BOOIDEA ‣ a single family, three if Boyleridae and Xenophidiidae was considered as fully families. No venomous.
33 Boidae (14/67) ‣ nine genera in New World, 4 in Brazil and Charina (2, U.S.A. and Canada), Chilabothrus (14, insular Caribbean), Exiliboa (1, Mexico), Lichanura (U.S.A. to Mexico) and Ungaliophis (1, Mexico to Colombia). Brazil has the largest diversity of species worldwide (12, SEE), ahead Colombia (11). 5 genera in Colombia.
ALETHINOPHIDIA ⟫ PYTHONOIDES ‣ three families, Xenopeltidae and Pythonidae in Old World, and one in New World, Loxocemidae. No venomous.
34 Loxocemidae (1/1) ‣ Mexico to Costa Rica .
ALETHINOPHIDIA ⟫ CAENOPHIDIA ‣ 8 families, Acrochordidae (aquatic, non venomous), Xenodermidae (non venomous), Pareidae (non venomous), Homalopsidae (non solenoglyphous venomous) and Lamprophiidae (sometimes venomous) only in Old World, and three in New World. Includes all venomous snakes.
35 Elapidae ‣ among terrestrial species, Brazil has the second diversity in World (37, SEE); among all New World, Brazil has the largest diversity, ahead Colombia (31) and Ecuador (21).
A group of the most bizarre that exist are sea snakes, snakes that live all their lives in the sea and are absolutely absent in the Atlantic; in the New World there is only one species, exactly the wider distributed, Hydrophis platurus L., 1766, having been collected from California to the extreme NW Peru (Quiñonez et al, CheckList, 2014); for sea snakes and world diversity, see Elfes et al (Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 2013); about why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic, see Lillywhite et al. (BioScience, 2018).
SNAKE EXXOGENERA EXCEPT COLUBRIDAE AND VIPERIDAE
36 Colubridae ▸ 262 genera (RepFocus), 104 in Old World and 159 in New World; here we follow Wikipedia with regard to families, unifying in the form of subfamilies under Columbridae several groups that the other master reference for snakes, Wallach et al. (BOOK, 2014, parameter used in this discussion) segregates as independents; however, here we take Carpophiidae as subfamily, which Wikipedia does not highlight. Thus, five subfamilies occur in New World. Brazil has 302 spp., second world diversity after Mexico with 323 (Repfocus).○ SIBYNOPHIINAE · two genera, Sibynophis from SE Asia and Scaphiodontophis in New World, from E Mexico to NW Colombia.○ COLUBRIINAE · 93 genera, 42 genera in New World, mainly in U.S.A. (13, Cemophora endemic), Mexico (33, Conopsis, Geagras, Pseudoficimia, Sympholis endemics); Brazil has 12 genera (Chironius, Dendrophidion, Drymarchon, Drymobius, Drymoluber, Leptophis, Mastigodryas, Oxybelis, Palusophis, Phrynonax, Simophis, Spilotes and Tantilla), none endemics; in South America also occur Lampropeltis (Canada to Venezuela and Ecuador), Masticophis (U.S.A. to Colombia and Venezuela), Rhinobothryum (Nicaragua to Venezuela to Ecuador) and Stenorrhina (Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela).
○ CARPOPHIINAE (4/10) · southern Canada to center Mexico: Carphophis (U.S.A.), Contia (U.S.A. and Canadá), Diadophis (Canada to Mexico) and Farancia (U.S.A.).
○ DIPSADINAE · 103 genera, one genus (Thermophis) endemic to Central Asia and all 102 remaining restricteds of New World. 14 genera endemic to Caribe, 28 in Mexico (7 endemics, Cenaspis, Chersodromus, Cryophis, Manolepis, Pseudoleptodeira, Rhadinophanes, Tantalophis), 51 in Brazil (12 endemics, Amnesteophis, Caaeteboia, Cercophis, Coronelaps, Ditaxodon, Elapomorphus, Gomesophis, Lioheterophis, Ptychophis, Rodriguesophis, Sordellina and Tropidodryas), 9 from U.S.A/Mexico/Central America to Colombia/Venezuela/Ecuador (Amastridium, Diaphorolepis, Enuliophis, Enulius, Geophis, Nothopsis, Pliocercus, Rhadinaea, Tretanorhinus), three from Venezuela to Ecuador region (Emmochliophis, Plesiodipsas, Saphenophis), one endemic to Argentina (Pseudotomodon) and 7 in Peru but non in Brazil (Arcanumophis, Coniophanes, Incaspis, Pseudalsophis, Synophis, Tachymenis and Urotheca, the firts endemic; three also in Colombia). Brazil has the largest diversity in species and genera (also in endemic genera) in this subfamily worldwide.
COLUBRIDAE EXXOGENERA EXCEPT DIPSADINAE
○ NATRICIINAE · 37 genera worldwide, 10 genera in New World, six endemics to U.S.A. (Clonophis, Haldea, Liodytes, Regina, Tropidoclonion, Virginia), Nerodia, Storeria, Thamnophis all from Canadá to Central America, and Adelophis endemic to Mexico.
37 Viperidae ▸ all vipers in New World are Crotaliinae, with 12 genera in region, nine in Mexico, the center of diversity of family (72, inc. two endemic genera); Brazil has 3th world diversity, with (4/)31 spp. (Repfocus).
4 mexican genera reaches up to South America: the also Brazilian Bothrops (45, 2 in Caribbean, one widely in South America up to Mexico, and remaining 42 only South America, with 27 in Brazil - 13 endemics, and endemics also in Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Ecuador), Crotalus (51, 49 from Canada to Panama, one endemic to Venezuela, and the widely distributed South American restricted C. durissus), Porthidium (9, Mexico southward through Central America to Ecuador in the Pacific lowlands, northern Venezuela in the Atlantic lowlands - 3 in South America, no in Brazil) and Bothriechis (11, Mexico, through Central America to Colombia, western Venezuela, Ecuador and northern Peru, only one in South America, none in Brazil).
3 genera does not occur in Mexico: Atropoides (1, Central America), Bothrocophias (7, Colombia to Brazil; two spp. in Brazil, endemics in Ecuador and Colombia) and Lachesis (4, Costa Rica to Bolivia and C Brazil; only one sp. in Brazil, three in South America).
SNAKE EXXOGENERA IN VIPERIDAE
Fenwick et al. (Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009) recognizes Bothrops starting in other small genera, but this division is not considered in the RepFocus nor in the Reptiles Database, so it is also ignored here.
For news for South America, see three new species of Micrurus of SE Brazil (Elapidae, Systematics and Biodiversity), one new Chironius (C. dracomaris, Ceará state, Brazil, SEE), a new boa also for E Brazil (Boa atlantica, Plos One), a new Eunectes for northern South America (E. akayima, Boidae, Diversity), and five new Bothriechis plus three revalidated from N Andes (Viperidae, Evolutionary Systematics).
■ endemic families in New World: Bipedidae (Amphisbaenia, 1/3, Mexico), Cadeidae (Amphisbaenia, 1/2, Cuba), Rhineuridae (Amphisbaenia, 1/1, U.S.A.).
34.12 TESTUDINES(14:95/)364 spp. (Repfocus), with highest diversity in U.S.A.; for a remarkable source of this group, with images and map distributions of almost all species, see Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2017). All South American genera occur in Brazil except Chelydra. Brazil has the 3th diversity of turtles worldwide (17/35), equal number of Indonesia and Colombia, after U.S.A. (62) and Mexico (52) in species and land species (Repfocus). Two high clades. 25 genera of Cryptodira occur in New World, only 9 in South America. Brazil possibly has the seventh largest diversity in endemic Testudines, after U.S.A. (40), Australia (29), Mexico (22), Ecuador (14), China (11), Indonesia (10), by Intreasures.
12.1 PLEURODIRA ‣ three families of turtles from southern Hemisphere. The Pleurodira are identified by the method with which they withdraw their heads into their shells. In these turtles, the neck is bent in the horizontal plane, drawing the head into a space in front of one of the front legs. A larger overhang of the carapace helps to protect the neck, which remains partially exposed after retraction. This differs from the method employed by a cryptodiran, which tucks its head and neck between its forelegs, within the shell.
Pelomedusidae ‣ (2/)9 spp. in tropical Africa.
Podocnemididae ‣ three genera, Erymnochelys in Madagascar and two in northern South America: Podocnemis (6, all occur in Colombia, 4 up to Brazil) and Peltocephalus (one sp. in over northern continent).
Chelidae ‣ (15/)69 spp., in four clades: Chelodininae and Pseudemydurinae with 8 genera and endemic to Australia and New Guinea; Hydromedusinae and Chelinae, with (7/)23 spp. from South America; all South American species occur in Brazil (second diversity, 20, Repfocus), except Acanthochelys pallidipectoris from Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, and two Mesochlemys from Colombia and Venezuela, one endemic each.
12.2 CRYPTODIRA ‣ 10 families: Platysternidae (SEE) not occur is New World; Tryonichidae (only Apalone in New World) and Dermatemydidae (monotypic from Mexico, Guatemala and Belize) occur from Canada to Central America but non in South America; two sea-turtle families - Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, both in Brazil and 5 of 7 spp. breeds in coastal states (exceptions are Lepidochelys kempii breeding only in Veracruz state of Mexico and some places in SE U.S.A. (NOAA), and Natator depressus nesting only in northern Australia); and the five above:
Kinosternidae ‣ 4 genera from Mexico, Sternotherus (2) up to Canada, Claudis (2) and Staurotypus (6) up to Central America and Kinosternon up to South America, with 21 spp., only three in South America, all in Colombia (one endemic), only K. scorpioides in Brazil. Mexico has 8 endemic species, all in Kinosternon.
Geoemydidae ‣ 19 genera and c. 60 spp., only one genus occur in New World: Rhynochlemys, with 9 spp., 4 only in Mexico to Central America, two only from Venezuela to Ecuador, and three from Mexico to South America, inc. the single Brazilian member, R. punctularia.
Testudinidae ‣ 18/c. 70 spp., only two genera in New World: Gopherus (5, Mexico and U.S.A.) and Chelinioides, with three spp. in mainland South America (two in Brazil) and 14 endemics to Galapagos Is.
Chelydridae ‣ two genera and 7 spp., with Macrochelys endemic to U.S.A. and Chelydra from North America to Colombia and Ecuador in South America (only C. acutirostris in continent).
Emydidae ‣ 10/53 spp. 8 genera occur only in U.S.A. and Mexico (with two endemic genera in U.S.A.), plus Emys (2; from Europe to Iran and Kazakhstan) and Trachemys, genus with 16 spp. mainly Mexico and U.S.A., also Caribbean, 4 spp. in South America, two in Colombia and Venezuela, one very disjunct in S Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, and one endemic to Maranhão and Piauí states in NE Brazil.
THE RANGE OF ALL FIVE SOUTH AMERICAN LAND CRYPTODIRA GENERA
In Brazil Dermochelys coriacea nests regularly in northern coast of Espírito Santo state, by Almeida et al. (Endangered Species Research, 2011).
34.13 CROCODILYA(3:9/)28 spp. (Repfocus). All Crocodylia from New World occur in Brazil except the four Crocodylus (Crocodylidae) and one Alligator (Alligatoriidae); four of these species are mutually nationally disjuncts: C. rhombifer (endemic to Cuba), C. moreletii (Mexico, Belize and Guatemala), C. intermedius (Colombia and Venezuela) and Alligator mimississipiensis (endemic to SE U.S.A.); the fifth, C. acutus, occur sympatrycally with all four, plus range also in Peru, Ecuador, El Salvador to Panama, and other Greater Antilles (SEE). Brazil and Colombia has the largest diversities worldwide (Repfocus).
The proximity of the distribution of Crocodylus intermedius in the extreme NW Brazil (Data Basin) is surprising, but notably the species does not occur in the national territory.
34.14 AVIALIAAmong birds, there are 10,824 spp. within 249 families (Birds of the World, in 04.06.2022), in 2,302 genera (Wikipedia, SEE, 05.08.2022); for details of diversity in South America, see South American Birds. The Brazilian numbers vary according to the source, between 1,679 to 1,904:
Mongabay (2019) ▸ for this sources, Brazil has the 3th largest diversity of birds worldwide, with (93:)1,813 spp., ahead Colombia (1,878) and Peru (1,858).
Bird Live Data Zone (BLDZ) ▸ Brazil has 1,817 (1,608 terrestrial and 209 non-terrestrial, SEE); for this source Colombia leads, with 1,884 in total (1,690 terrestrial and 194 non-terrestrial); Peru comes next, with 1,861 in total (1,645 terrestrial and 216 non-terrestrial). In this source some information draws attention: in Trochilidae, Brazil has 89 spp., and Colombia, 163; without Trochilidae, the Colombia ✕ Brazil difference (in terrestrial species) would drop from 67 to -7.
WikiAves ▸ 1,904 spp. in country.Birds of the World (BR) ▸ this list shows 1,806 spp. in Brazil (including some non-natives) at 698 genera.
South Amercan Birds (2019, accepted here) ▸only for breeding species, Colombia has (81:682/)1,765 breeding birds, Brazil (80:646/)1,679 and Mexico (85/432)904.
Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee-2th edition (Pacheco et al., Ornithology Research, 2021): this source shows 1,742 residents or breeding migrants birds in Brazil, 126 seasonal non-breeding visitors, and 103 vagrants, in a strongly easy acesible data for breeding or no breeding species.
ENDEMISMS
In endemic species, Brazil has more than any other country in the Western Hemisphere and in the World is 3th only to Indonesia and Australia: 263 spp. in Intreasures (SEE) and 253 in 19BirdLife (SEE), 27 of which are Psittacidae. In endemic genera, Brazil has 25 against 8 Mexicans, 3 Colombians and 11 Peruvians; with the exception of Passeriformes and Apodiformes, Brazil has 5 endemic genera (3 Psittaciformes, 1 Tinamiformes and 1 Piciformes), Colombia 1 (in Psittaciformes), Peru 1 (in Strigiformes) and Mexico 3 (in Galliformes, Psittaciformes and Trogoniformes, 1 each).
SPECIFIC DIVERSITY
Only two South America breeding orders does not breeds in Brazil: Sphenisciformes and Phoenicpteriformes.
Except Passeriformes, seven families breeds in Mexico but non in Brazil: Alcidae (4 spp. breeds in Mexico: Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Synthliboramphus scrippsi, S. hypoleucus and S. craveri), Phasianidae (two spp. of Maleagris), Diomedeidae (only Phoebastria immutabilis, breeding only in islands of NW Mexico, and in Hawaii), Hydrobatidae (7 breeding species in Pacific coast of Mexico, 4 exclusives), Pelecanidae (only Pelecanus occidentalis), Pandionidae (1) and Phoenicoptridae (1). Except Passeriformes, Brazil includes 8 breeding families which does not beeds in Mexico: Rheidae, Opistochomidae, Cariamidae, Anhimidae, Psophiidae, Steatornitidae, Rostratulidae and Capitonidae.At Passeriformes, including vagants, U.S.A. has 18 Brazilian outsider families (Laniidae, Paridae, Alaudidae, Remizidae, Aegithalidae, Sylviidae, Regulidae, Phylloscopidae, Sittidae, Certhiidae, Cinclidae, Icteriidae, Spindalidae, Calcariidae, Bombycillidae, Ptiliogonatidae, Acrocephalidae, and Peucedramidae), and Brazil has 12 outsider U.S.A.'s (Thamnophilidae, Pipridae, Cotingidae, Pipritidae, Melanopareiidae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Donacobiidae, Oxyruncidae, Conopophagidae, Rhinocryptidae and Mitronspingidae).
At the species level in non-Passeriformes, Mexico has endemic species in 8 families in which Brazil does not have them: Odontophoridae, Apodidae, Momotidae, Falconidae and several seabirds: Hydrobatidae, Procellariidae, Laridae, Alcidae, and Brazil has 6 non-Mexican endemic species container (Anatidae, Accipitridae, Psophiidae, Galbulidae, Bucconidae, Capitonidae); already on the South American neighbors, families in the same situation are found in Venezuela (Odontophoridae, Apodidae), Colombia (Odontophoridae, Podicipedidae), Ecuador (Spheniscidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Laridae), Peru (Podicipedidae, Hydrobatidae), Chile (Oceanitidae, Procellariidae, Laridae) and Argentina (Podicipedidae, Laridae).
Melanopareiidae, Rheidae and Cariamiidae does not occur in Colombia. 12 breeding Passerifomes families in Mexico does not occur in Brazil: Alaudidae, Paridae, Aegithilidae, Remizidae, Ptiliogonatidae, Cinclidae, Regulidae, Sittidae, Rhodinocichlidae, Peucedramidae, Icteriidae and Spindalidae.
Five South American breeding families are absolutely absents in Brazil - Sapayoidae (1/1, Panama to Ecuador, SEE), Cinclidae (1/5, one in North America, two in Eurasia, and two in South America, SEE), Rhodinocichlidae (1/1, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela, in a very fragmented range, SEE), Pluvianellidae (1/1, Chile and Argentina, with recent records in Uruguay - SEE) and Semnornithidae (1/2, one species from Costa Rica and Panama, another from Colombia and Ecuador, SEE). It is worth mentioning Sapayoa, the only member of the New World of the Eurylaimides group (Moyle et al, American Museum Novitates, 2006), which is perhaps the most notable disjunction of birds in the South American continent. Bombycillidae is commonly reported as Colombian, however it´s a vagant/accidental/migrant up to NW Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador (with only seven records in continent, SEE), being excluded in our list.
SOUTH AMERICAN RANGE OF ALL LAND BIRD EXXOFAMILIES
OTHER NOTES
Steatornidae ‣ guacharo (Steatornis caripensis) is an enigmatic bird whose occurrence in national territory is quite shrouded in imprecision. Wiki Aves reports only one occurrence in Brazil, with photos, in Manaus (SEE), ignoring a record made in 1998 at the Palmari reserve, of an individual killed and predated (SEE), record reinforced by Tello et all. (Journal of Ornitology, 2008); both citations become insignificant in the face of Herrera (Bol. Soc. Venezolana Espeleol., 2003), who record in quite extraordinary reports the presence of the species forming colonies in Brazilian territory, just a few hundred meters from the border in Wei Tepui, northern Roraima state - things of nature.
Psittacidae ‣ Brazil has 88 spp. in this family; New World genera absent in Brazil are: Conuropsis (U.S.A.), Rhynchopsitta (Mexico), Bolborhynchus (Mexico to Bolivia and Venezuela), Hapalopsittaca (Venezuela to Peru), Ognorhynchus (Colombia), Leptosittaca (Colombia to Peru), Thectocercus (Colombia to Argentina), Psilopsiagon (Peru to Argentina and Chile), Cyanoliseus (Chile, Argentina and Uruguay), Enicognathus (Chile and Argentina). Brazilian almost restrict genera are Pionopsitta (also in Argentina and Paraguay) and Alipiopistta (also in Bolivia). Brazil has the largest diversity of genera in Psittacidade in New World (inc. three endemics) and the largest of Psittaciformes species worldwide (Australia has only 56). In addition to the New World genera of this family, two other occur in Africa; Australasiam members compound the family Psittaculidae.
UNBRAZILIAN GENERA OF PSITTACIDAE IN SOUTH AMERICA
Cracidae ‣ only a half of genera in this family occur in Brazil; the others are Pauxi and Aburria (Venezuela to Bolivia), Penelopina and Oreophasis (Mexico to Nicaragua), and Chamaepetes (Costa Rica to Peru).
Ramphastidae ‣ four of five genera occur in Brazil - the exception is Andigena.
Cathartidae ‣ Brazil has all the members of this family except the two condors - the Andean and the Californian, which need no apresentation.
Trochilidae ‣ Brazil has only the 5th diversity, with 84 spp., after 164 in Colombia, 135 in Ecuador, 133 in Peru and 104 in Venezuela.
Spheniscidae ‣ this family has 19 spp. in six genera: 4 of then breeds only in Antartida and adjacent islands (some inc. Malvinas), 7 only in Australia and New Zealand, Pygoscelis antarcticus breeds also in mainland Argentina and Chile, Eudyptes chrysolophus breeds in Chile, Argentina, South Africa, New Zealand and Antartida and adjacent islands; E. moseleyi in Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antartida and adjacent islands; E. chrysochrome in Argentina, Chile and adjacent islands; Spheniscus humboldti breeds only in N Chile and S Peru; S. mendiculus only in Galapagos; S. demersus only in Namibia and South Africa; and S. magellanica breeds only in Chile, Argentina and Malvinas; in this way, penguin colonies are only found in eight independent countries: Ecuador (1), Peru (1), Chile (6), Argentina, Namibia (1), South Africa (2), Australia (some) and New Zealand (many, some endemics); for penguinos in Brazil in 2020, see DomTotal.
■ endemic families in New World: Teretistridae (1/2, Cuba)
NEWS AND COMPLEMENTAR NOTES
EMPTY.
35.15 MAMMALIAGENERAL NUMBERS
There are (167:1,343/)6,554 spp. of mammals within 31 orders (Wiki). One of the best souces of mammals: the free pack of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. For 31 orders are in mammals in our concept, 5 occur only in Africa to Madagascar or Middle East (Hippopotamorpha, Afrosoricida, Tubulidentada, Macroscelida and Hyracoidea), 2 only in tropical Asia (Dermoptera, Scadentia), 2 widely from Africa to Asia (Proboscidea, Pholidota), 5 only from Australia to New Guinea and Australasia (Dasyuromorpha, Diprodontia, Monotrema, Notoryctemorphia, Peramelemorphia), and 17 reaches in New World, all in South America, 13 in Brazil (Didelphiomorpha, Sirenia, Chiroptera, Pilosa, Cingulata, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Cetacea, Ruminantia, Suina, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Primata) and four absents (Eulipotyphla, Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria, Tylopoda).
Brazil has the second largest diversity of mammals worldwide by Mongabay (SEE) - 648, ahead Indonesia (670) and and followed by China (551) and Mexico (523). South America has 343 genera of mammals in 64 families (2/3 bats or rodents).
By a most recent checklist of mammals in country (Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia (EXCEL), 2023), Brazil has (51:247/)778 spp.: Didelphiomorpha (15/68), Pilosa (5/13), Cingulata (5/12), Chiroptera (68/182), Primates (20/130), Carnivora (25/36), Cetacea (27), Sirenia (1/2), Perissodactyla (1/2), Ruminantia (4), Suina (2), Rodentia (75/267) and Lagomorpha (1/4).
Colombia includes (50:213/)543 mammals (Ramírez-Chaves et al., Mammology Notes, 2020). In all orders Brazil has more species than Colombia except Chiropera and the absents Paucituberculata and Eulypotyphla.
PHYLOGENY OF MAMMALS AND ALL EXTANT SPECIES OF MONOTREMATA
PAUCITUBERCULATAMICROBIOTHERIADIDELPHIOMORPHA
SIRENIAPILOSACINGULATARODENTIA
South America has 87 genera of Cricetidae (Paton, BOOK, 2015), 40 in Brazil (155 spp.), the largest diversity of genera, including 7 endemic genera; all 12 Sigmodontinae groups occur in Brazil except Andinomyni (3 spp. in Punomys and Andinomys), Euneomyni (6 spp. in Neotomys, Euneomys, Irenomys) and Abrotrichini (17 spp. in Paynomys, Chelemys, Notiomys, Geoxus and Abrothrix); however, two South American genera in this family not belongs Sigmodontinae: Tylomys (Tylomynae: one sp. in South America, from Colombia and Ecuador) and Reithrodontomys (Neotomynae: also one sp. in South America, also in Colombia and Ecuador). Colombia includes (30/)82 spp. of Cricetidae (Ramírez-Chaves et al., Mammology Notes, 2020).
21 genera of Echimyidae occur in South America, 5 endemics to Brazil (including the two bigger endemic genera of mammals for a any New World country, Phyllomys and Trinomys) and 5 absents in Brazil - thus, Brazil has the largest diversity of this family. Some sources placed Capromyidae within Echymidae based on phylogenetic works, as Courcelle et al. (Mol. Phyl. Evol., 2019).
Brazil and Mexico has simultaneously Erethizontidae (Brazil 12 ✕ 2 Mexico), Dasyproctidae (Brazil 9 ✕ 2 Mexico), Cuniculidae, Sciuridae (Brazil 8 ✕ 36 Mexico) and Cricetidae (Brazil 41/155 ✕ 24/139 Mexico). Mexico includes three unbrazilian families: Castoridae (1), Geomydidae (19) and Heteromyidae (41). Brazil includes 4 unmexican families: Caviidae (9), Ctenomyidae (8), Dinomyidae (1) and Echimyidae (64).
LAGOMORPHA
Among Sylvilagus, Ruedas (Journal of Mammalogy, 2017) legitimized S. parentum (Suriname), S. varynaensis (Venezuela), S. tapetillus (SE Brazil), and occurence of S. floridanus in N South America; Ruedas et al. (Journal of Mammalogy, 2019) legitimes six Colombian endemics (S. andinus, S. fulvescens, S. salentus, S. nicefori, S. apollinaris, S. sanctaemartae), S. incitatus (Panama), S. daulensis, S. surdaster (Ecuador) and S. gabbi (Mexico to Panama). Wikipedia cites other 12 spp. absents in South America (SEE); with these changes, S. brasiliensis is a Brazilian endemic. Brazilian Mammal List recognizes 4 Lagomorpha in Brazil (Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia (EXCEL), 2023).
PRIMATA
Brazil, along with DR Congo, Madagascar and Indonesia, has primacy in Primates in the World (Estrada et al., PeerJ, 2018), with (18/)102 spp. (130 in Brazilian Mammal Lista, Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia (EXCEL), 2023), 4 endemic genera (all in Atlantic Forest), a bigger near endemic genera (Mico), and almost all Primate genera in New World except Oreonax (endemic to Peru) and Oedipomidas (Panama/Colombia). Brazil has the primazy of species number of all New World genera in Primates except the unbrazilian ones (Oedipomidas and Oreonax), Aotus and Cebus.
EULIPOTYPHLACHIROPTERA
For Chiroptera, we accepted for Mexico (8:66/)120 spp. for List of Mammals from Mexico (Wikipedia), and (9:68/)199 spp. for Brazil by Quintela et a. (2020, cited ahead). In Noctilionidae, the same two species occur in both countries. In diotypic Mormoopidae, both countries has 4 Pteronopus, however Mexico has a species of Mormoops. In Natalidae, both countries has a single Natalus species. In Thyropteridae, both countries has the same genus, however Brazil has 5 spp. and Mexico only one. Furipteridae, with a single species in Brazil, does not occur in Mexico.
In Emballonuridae Brazil has (7/)17 spp. and Mexico has (6/)9 spp. In all Mexican genera in this family Brazil has equal/more species except in Balantiopteryx, absent in Brazil.
In Molossidae Brazil has (8/)29 spp. and Mexico has (6/)18. In all Mexican genera in this family Brazil has equal/more species except in Nyctimops, where Mexico 3 spp. against 2 in Brazil.
In Phyllostomidae Mexico has (37/)55 spp., and Brazil has (43/)95 spp. Mexico includes Centurio, Enchisthenes, Macrotus, Choeronycteris, Hylonycteris, Leptonycteris and Musonycteris absents in Brazil, and more species in Glossophaga, Mimon and Dermanura.
In Vespertilionidae Mexico has (12/)47 spp., and Brazil has only (5/)29. Mexico includes Lasionycteris, Antrozous, Baueru, Corynorhinus, Euderma, Idionycteris, Nycticeius and Pipistrellus absents in Brazil, and more species in Myotis and Rhogeessa.
Compared to Colombia, the Andean country has a global advantage of 33 spp. against Brazilian bats (Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia, 2023 ✕ Ramírez-Chaves et al., Mammology Notes, 2020); by families, the positive advantages for Colombia (in parentheses) occur only in 3 families: Mormoopidae (2), Natalidae (2) and Phyllostomidae (37).
In Phyllostomidae, Colombia has advantagae in 17 Brazilian genera: Sturnira (9), Anoura (7), Artibeus (4), Platyrrhinus (4), Choeroniscus, Gardnerycteris, Lonchorhina, Uroderma, Vampyressa and Vampyrodes two each, Carollia, Hsunycteris, Lonchophylla, Lichonycteris, Rhinophylla, Mimon and Vampyriscus one each. Colombian Centurio, Enchisthenes, Leptonycteris and Chiroderma does not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Dryadonycteris, Scleronycteris, Neonycteris, Xeronycteris, Chrotopterus, Ametrida and Pygoderma does not occur in Colombia.
In Chiroptera all families in South America occur in Brazil; remarkably, five of them has exactly a single outsider genus (mainly with restricted distribution); Phyllostomidae has four outsiders (and three endemic genera in Brazil).
Unbrazilian South American genera are Balantiopteryx (3, Emballonuridae, two spp. in South America, in Ecuador and Colombia), Chilonatalus (3, Natalidae, Caribbean, one in San Andrés islands of Colombia), Centurio (1, Phyllostomidae, one sp. from S U.S.A. to Colombia and N Venezuela), Leptonycteris (1, Phyllostomidae, Colombia, Venezuela and ABC island), Platalina (Phyllostomidae, one sp. from Peru and Chile), Echisthenes (Phyllostomidae, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, T.Tobago, and Venezuela; there is a single record from the United States state of Arizona), Mormoopsis (Mormoopidae, Belize, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, T.Tobago, Venezuela, and Texas in the United States), Amorphochilus (Furipteridae, Ecuador to N Chile), Tomopeas (1, Vespertilionidae, endemic to Peru), Mormopterus (2, Molossidae, Peru and Chile).
TYLOPODASUINA
RUMINANTIA
For the Cervidae of South America, after many studies, it was established that ten genera occur on the continent: two Odocoileina (Odocoileus and Mazama) and 8 Bastocerina (Bisbalus, Pudu, Pudella, Passalites, Blastocerus, Ozotocerus, Hippocamelus and Sabulo), by Sandoval, E.D.P. et al (Taxonomy, 2024) and Barrio, J. et al. (Journal of Mammalogy, 2024), with 17 spp. overall in continent. Brazil includes 9 spp. and excludes 8, being 5 in outsider genera and 3 in Mazama; Peru includes 5 of these species.
Four genera does not occur in Brazil: Bisbalus (1, endemic to Venezuela), Pudella (2, Venezuela to C Peru), Pudu (1, Argentina and Chile) and Hippocamelus (1, Peru to NW Argentina). For six Brazilian, Ozotocerus (1) occur from Mercosur countries plus Bolivia; Passalites (1) occur from northern South America up to Brazil and Bolivia; Blastocerus (1) occur in Mercosur countries, Bolivia and Peru; Sabulo (1) occur in Mercosur countries plus Bolivia. Mazama and Odocoileus are widely widespread from Canada to Bolivia and N Brazil. National records of Odoicoleus virginianus (Cervidae) in Brazil are scarce, centred in Amapá state and are listed in Mendes-Oliveira et al. (Check List, 2011). Bolivia leads with 7 genera; Brazil, Argentina and Peru has 6 each; Venezuela has 5; Colombia and Ecuador has 4 each; Chile has only 3. In Mazama remains 7 spp.: M. americana (South America except Chile and Uruguay), M. jucunda (SE Brazil, SEE), M. chunyi (Peru to Bolivia), M. nana (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay), M. rufa (Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, SEE), M. rufina (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and M. temama (Mexico to Colombia). Brazil leads with 4 spp.
CETACEA
The recent inclusion of Cetacea in Artiodactyla is one of the more bizarre inclusions that genetic phylogeny has revealed recently. What is most shocking is, without a doubt, the extreme morphological distinction between the groups, which does not need to be remembered by this blog (Wikipedia).
Keeping these groups together in the same order is bizarre, so the partition of Cetartiodactyla is the most interesting option to take. However, there is nothing formally in this sense, only the acceptance that the order can be divided into 4 major clades, strongly demonstrated in the studies
CETARTIODACTYLA PHYLOGENY ADAPTED FROM WIKIPEDIA (SEE)
In view of this, we here consider the division into 5 orders more reliable, with a strict distinction between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea, as shown in the diagram below.
BRAZILIAN MISTYCETI IN SCALE OF MEAN ADULT SIZE
For records of large whales in Brazil, including the only recent blue-whale in country, see Jornal Nacional, 2020, and TV Tribuna, 2019; the records of blue-whale in Brazil are scarce: 1948, 1962, 1965, 1992 and the recent in 2020 (ICMBIO, 2011). For exact data, including the deepest dive from blue-whale in literature, see Monitoramento de Cetáceos (2020) and Relatório PMC (SEE), including the first monitoring data on the migration of the blue whale in the South Atlantic, and the indication of 7 visual records of the species off the coast of Brazil. Three records of mother-calf pairs was made in Ceará and Espirito Santo states in 2014 (Rocha et al., Marine Biodiversity Records, 2019). Other rare species in Brazil includes the northemost record of 4 spp., Phocoena dioptrica, Mesoplodon layardii, Cephalorhynchus commersonii and Lagenorhynchus australis, all by Pinedo (Aquatic Mammals, 2002), and all in Rio Grande do Sul coast. Other relevant references are the record of 40 sperm whales 300 km from the coast (G1), and the records of cetaceans and sirenians stranded in Brazil since 1980 (ICMBIO). A ramerkable record on sperms whales in Brazil happened in 2019 off coast of São Paulo state (Conexão Planeta).
PERISSODACTYLA
CARNIVORA
Brazilian Mammal list includes 8 phocids (Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia, 2023): Arctocephalus australis, A. gazella, A. tropicalis, Otaria flavescens, Hydrurga leptonyx, Lobodon carcinophaga, Mirounga leonina and Leptonychotes weddellii; however, none of them breeds in Brazil.All records for Phocidae are errants specimens: Lobodon carcinophaga (Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul - Rodrigues, Steinwender & Ribeiro, Natureza Online, 2018), Mirounga leonina (in same area and records in Abrolhos, Bahia state - Salvatore et al., Boletim do Laboratório de Hidrobiologia, 2020, and Buloto & Mayorga, Natureza Online, 2015), Hydrurga leptonyx (informal records, as OECO, 2019) and Leptonychotes wedellii (Trindade island - Fainer et al, Polar Biology, 2018, the single record in Brazil and the northermost of ones).
For Otaridae, two are non breeding very common population in some places of Rio Grande do Sul state: Arctocephalus australis (Amorim, Tese, 2018), species with their large population (c. 60%) in Uruguay, and Otaris flavescens (ICMBIO, 2011); errant specimens of other two otariids also occur: A. tropicalis and A. gazella (ICMBIO, 2011).
For data from Carnivora, see Sepúveda & Marín (Mammalian Biology, 2022) and Carnívoros Brasileiros (ICMBIO ); for details about the very rare Neogale africana, see Ramírez-Chavez et al. (Mammalian Species, 2014). For Brazilian endemic Leopardus emilieae Thomas, 1914, see Nascimento e Feijó (Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2017).
In a genus-by-genus comparison of terrestrial carnivores, eliminating genus equivalents (Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia , 2023 ✕ Ramírez-Chaves et al., Mammology Notes , 2020) , Brazil has more species in Conepatus, Galictis, Lycalopex and Leopardus; Colombia in Neogale, Procyon, Nasua, Nasuella and Bassaricyon. Colombia has three genera absent in Brazil (Urocyon, Nasuella and Tremarctos) and Brazil has only one absent in Colombia (Chrysocyon).
For Leopardus species, see Mammal Diversity/Leopardus.
EXXOTAXA
Four South American orders not occur in Brazil: Tylopoda ((2/)4 spp. in Camelidae), Eulypotyphla (11, Cryptotis, Soricidae), Paucituberculata ((3/)7 spp. in Caenolestidae) and Microbiotheria (a single species in Microbiotheriidae), with joined 19 spp. in 5 genera.Among Brazilian orders, the seven exxofamilies are: Neobalaenidae (only Caperea marginata, found in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere; in South America is found in southern Chile and Argentina), Ursidae (only Tremarctos ornatus), aviimorph rodents Abrocomidae (2/10, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina), Octodontidae (7/14, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) and Chinchilidae (3/7, Ecuador to Chile and Argentina, SEE), and castorimorphs rodents Heteromyidae (only 5 Heteromys in continent) and Geomyidae (a single Orthogeomys in Colombia). In Brazil does not occur Casterimorph rodents - 43 spp. in 18 genera.
SOUTH AMERICAN RANGE OF ALL LAND MAMMAL EXXOFAMILIES
South America still has 94 unbrazilian genera, being in Paucituberculata (3), Microbiotheria (1, Dromiciops), Eulypotyohla (1, Cryptotis), Didelphiomorpha (2, Lestodelphys, Chacodelphys), Cingulata (3, Calyptophractus, Chlamyphorus, Zaedyus), Chiroptera (10), Primates (1, Oreonax), Carnivora (4 non-Pinippedia: Lyncodon, Nasuella, Urocyon, Tremarctos, and 6 Pinippedia), Cetacea (1, Caperea), Suina (1, Catagonus), Ruminantia (4, Hippocamelus, Pudu), Tylopoda (Lama, Vicugna) and Rodentia (59, being 39 Cricetidae + Dolichotis, 5 Echymyidae, and 14 in exxofamilies).ENDEMISMS
Brazil has endemic genera in three orders (Chiroptera, Primates and Rodentia), Mexico in 5 (Chiroptera, Didelphiomorpha, Eulipotyphla, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) and U.S.A. in 4 (Carnivora [extinct], Chiroptera, Rodentia and Lagomorpha). Excepting Rodentia, endemic genera in South American countries occur in Brazil, Peru (Tomopeas: Molossidae), Ecuador (Cabreramops: Molossidae) and Argentina (Chlamyphorus: Chlamyphoridae; Chacodelphys and Lestodelphys: Didelphidae). Among endemic species, Brazil has the 3th diversity worldwide (242), ahead Indonesia (326) and Australia (281), by Intreasures (SEE). Brazil has endemic species of opossuns, river dolphins, armadillos, sloths, anteaters, bats, wild cats, rabbits, fox, deers and monkeys: 74 spp. of Primates are endemic to country, inc. 4 endemic genera.
Some species that are sometimes considered endemic to Brazil are not included in the Intreasures list: Conepatus amazonicus (Mephitidae, map at Táxeus, also in Mato Grosso by Dalponte et al., Small Carnivore Conservation, 2018; the name given to all populations in Brazil of Conepatus striatus, a large range species that is kept together has an unusual distribution to carnivores in the New World - SEE) and Pecaris maximus (disputed species, rejected by Jaime Gongora et al., Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 2011).
OUTSIDERS BY GENERA
Among Brazilian families except in Chiroptera, Cricetidae and Echimyidae, exxogenera falls in four patterns:
COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA-ECUADOR
Nasuella (Procyonidae, two spp. from Venezuela to Ecuador); the canid Urocyon (1, Colombia and Venezuela); and the otariid Zalophus (Otariidae, with two spp., one in North America, another endemic to Galapagos).PERU to ARGENTINA and PARAGUAY
Chlamyphorid armadillos Zaedyus (1, Chile and Argentina) and Chlamyphorus (endemic to Argentina); the cervid Hippocamelus (2, Peru to Chile and Argentina); the Argentinan monotypic endemic didelphids Lestodelphys and Chacodelphys (Didelphidae); suina Catagonus (only C. wagneri, from Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina); the Chlamyphorid armadillo Calyptophractus (1, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay); the caviids Dolichotis (2, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay) and Microcavia (3, Peru, Argentina, Chile and Bolivia); the mustelid Lyncodon (1, Chile and Argentina); the primate Oreonax (1, Peru); and the ultra-rare beaked whale Tasmacetus (Ziphiidae, only one sp., known only few death members in Argentina, Juan Fernandez, New Zealand, Tristan de Cunha and Australia, and scarce sightings, as in Thompson et al., Marine Biodiversity Records, 2019).
DIFFUSE PATTERN
Lama (4, Ecuador to Patagonia); and the Cervid Pudu (2, disjunct from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina; none in Bolivia).
MARINE
four focids: Mirounga leonina (breeding only in Oceanic sub-Antatic islands and in Valdes Peninsula in Argentina), Lobodon carcinophaga, Hydrurga leptonyx and Leptonychotes weddellii (these breeds only in Antarctica).
ALBINISM IN MAMMALS
Some records of albine wildlife in Brazil include bats (Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi et al, Subterranean Biology, 2019), Coendou rufescens (Romero et al., Mammalia, 2017), Eira barbara (Aximoff & Rocha, Oecologia Australis, 2016), Lama guanicoe (Derlindati et al., The Southern Naturalist, 2013), and Proechimys (Dalapicolla et al., Fapesp, 2020), in addition to high frequency of leucism in a population of Anoura geoffroyi in Minas Gerais, Brazil (Reis et al., Biota Neotropica, 2019).
LAST UPDATESOTHER NOTES
For feral bubals in Brazil, see Carvalho et al. (Management of Biological Invasions, 2021) and a journalist reporting at Globoplay (SEE). Recent mammals includes the genus Pattonimus (Cricetidae, Brito et al., PeerJ, 2020). A Brazilian endemic mammal absent in Intresures list is Mico schneideri (Novataxa, 2021). Novielties in Primates: systematics of Aotidae (Martins-Junior et al, Mol. Phyl. and Evol., 2020), a new Cacajao (Ennes Silva et al., Mol. Phyl. and Evol., 2022), several new genera split of Saguinus (Brcko et al., Mol. Phyl. and Evol., 2022), with a new genus absent in Brazil, for Oedipomidas group, native fom Panamá to Colombia, disjunct for Saguinus s.s. For details among Colombia wessel, see Roux et al. (Therya, 2019). For four new species recognized in the Leopardus colocola complex for S & E South America, see Nascimento et al. (Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2021). For notes among Proechimys undescribed species (Echymidae), see Dalapicolla et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024). New records for Brazil: Artibeus amplus Handley, 1987 (Chiroptera, Zórtea et al., Zoologia, 2023).
2024
16∙11∙2024 ▸ inclusion of Micrognathozoa in the list of Brazil, with consequent updates in various parts of the text (Coppo, G. et al., Peerj, 2023). Huge numerical and strutural updates in Fish clades, after Eschmeyer's CF, Fish Base, and Intreasures, all in Nov 16, 2024. Simple numerical updates in Hydrozoa (- 3 spp.), Cheilostomata in Bryozoa (10,000 to 4,921 spp.) and Cycliophora (2 to 3 spp.). Huge taxonomic updates in Placozoa, with reduction of non Brazilian canonic lineages and expansion of family, genera and species in this phyllum (Frontiers, 2023). Textual corrections and optimization in Porifera (SEE), Myxozoa, Acoela, Gnathostomulida, Priapulida, and many other groups. Addition of a endemic family for Peru, Atamatamidae (Trematoda, SEE). These changes make the numbers as: Brazil from (3,409:26,416/)126,358 to (3,422:26,444/)126,590 spp., and the World from (7,334:140,921/)1,555,398 spp to (7,344:140,984/)1,550,866 spp.
29∙04∙2024 ▸ updates in Squamata (news), Ricinulei (notes about possibly new genera), notes from Brazilian scorpions, new remarkable data from Scutigeridae in Chilopoda and Mostrilloidea at Copepoda; huge updates in numbers of Tunicata (Rocha, R.M. et al, Zoologia, 2024), including a synonimization of Thaliacea under Ascidiacea, rearranged canonic lineages from Metazoa by reduction of 1 unit and altering the numbers of the phylum and the total Metazoa; updates in Scalibregmatidae, with 8 new species, in Pseudoscalibregma (3, SEE), Scalibregma (8, SEE), and Oligobregma (3, SEE). United, these changes the numbers as: Brazil from (3,410:26,411/)126,308 to (3,409:26,416/)126,358 spp., and the World from (7,337:140,921/)1,555,228 to (7,334:140,921/)1,555,398 spp.
21∙01∙2024 ▸ updates in Scorpiona, based on The Scorpion Files.
20∙01∙2024 ▸ notes on Placozoa, including possible requalification of canonic lineages at Metazoa (SEE); structural revision in Isopoda, Amphipoda and Decapoda after CTFB (SEE).
16∙01∙2024 ▸ exclusion of the Maxillopoda group due to its poliphyleticity, and the recognition of 3 new classes in Arthropoda: Mystacocarida, Ichthyostraca and Hexanauplia (Wikipedia); exclusion of Merostomata as a class, and its recognition as an order of Arachnida, according to Balasteros et al (SEE); huge numeric updates at Copepoda.
14∙01∙2024 ▸ huge updates in Decapoda for several small sources, and at Insecta, Collembola, Diplura and Protura after Rafael et al. (BOOK).
10∙01∙2024 ▸ huge updates in Hemichordata and the exclusion of Hirudinidae family from Brazil.
07∙01∙2024 ▸ huge numerical updates in Arachnida, Insecta and Mammals at high precision counting by available data. After corrections, Insecta wins 70 families, 426 genera and 847 spp., and Arachnida wins 112 families, 559 genera and 1,660 spp. in Brazil. Brazilian diversity went from (3,221:25,596/)121,461 to (3,403:26,579/)123,993.
04∙01∙2024 ▸ updates among Cyprinidae (SEE); huge updates and organization in Serpentes, Insecta, Arachnida and mammals, and rearrangement of various numbers, and inclusion of several references about Mexico; updates in Lepidochelys kempii (NOAA).
2023
19∙12∙2023 ▸ several numerical, textual and spelling corrections in Aracnida and Insecta.
29∙12∙2023 ▸ number updates in Brazilian Maxillopoda, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca, mainly by CTFB search (SEE).
27∙12∙2023 ▸ updates among Elasmobranchia in Brazil and Mexico (FishBase), and new data about Chilopoda in Mexico (SEE) and Brazil (SEE).
19∙12∙2023 ▸ addition of notes for Conocyemidae (SEE and SEE) and Pelmatosphaeridae (SEE), nanoparasitics Mesozoa.
18∙12∙2023 ▸ addition of notes for marine Brazilian Nematoda (SEE), world marine Tardigrada (SEE), Siboglinidae (SEE) and Sinelobus (SEE).
18∙12∙2023 ▸ huge updates in Brazilian Mollusca, by F.M. Machado et al. (Zoologia, 2023).
18∙12∙2023 ▸ addition of notes for Onychophora, with 20 more species (SEE), Leopardus emilieae (Felidae, SEE), freshwater Cumacea (SEE), Leuconidae (Cumacea, SEE).
18∙12∙2023 ▸ addition of notes for mammals (in Proechimys), in Xyloplax at Asteroideae (SEE), in Scolopendromorpha (SEE) and Araneae/Telemidae (SEE).
04∙12∙2023 ▸ addition of data on the first occurrence of Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) in Brazil (SEE).
12∙11∙2023 ▸ huge updates on Cephalopoda (mainly by SEE), and corrections in Gastropoda numbers.
10∙11∙2023 ▸ updates on Loricifera, with the inclusion of the first species described for Brazil, Scaberiloricus samba (SEE).
06∙11∙2023 ▸ updates in Avialia, where we now consider only breeding species as full natives (SEE).
04∙11∙2023 ▸ several updates and inclusion of records of a new phylla from Brazil: Gnathostomulida (SEE), and new generic and familiar records for Kinorhycnha (SEE).
03∙11∙2023 ▸ updates in numbers of Acanthocepala for Brazil (SEE) and World (SEE).
03∙11∙2023 ▸ huge updates in Priapulomorpha.
03∙11∙2023 ▸ add lineage, Octocorallia distinct of Hexacorallia in Cnidaria, rejecting the broad circumscription of Anthozoa, and updates of the numbers of Octocorallia (SEE).
21∙10∙2023 ▸ addition of the Cephalodiscus record in Brazil, based on collections made in Rio Grande do Sul (REVIZEE, 2004; REVIZEE, 2008).
16∙10∙2023 ▸ huge updates in Arachnida (many orders), Chilopoda, Scalibregmatidae (SEE) and over Annelida), with minor text corrections and some notes at mammals.
06∙09∙2023 ▸ huge updates in Schizomida, Solifugae, Araneae (these Arachnida), Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Insecta, Symphyla, Pauropoda and Pentastomida.
02∙09∙2023 ▸ huge updates in Gnathostomulida.
28∙08∙2023 ▸ update data distribution of Gnosonesimida in Cuba (SEE) and detailing in Orthonectida.
25∙07∙2023 ▸ update data from Mexico based on references cited in Bousquets et al. (Conabio, 2000).
24∙07∙2023 ▸ additional notes in mexican amphibians and reptiles (ZooKeys, 2023), and inclusion of Ophidion holbrookii (Ophidiidae, Zootaxa) in Brazilian marine fishes.
20∙07∙2023 ▸ updates in Amblipigy.
15∙07∙2023 ▸ updates in Loricifera in South America.
13∙07∙2023 ▸ updates in Ammotrechidae, Diplopauropodidae, Echinoidea orders and Copepoda orders.
06∙07∙2023 ▸ updates in Diplopoda and social wasps, and severall small corrections.
03∙07∙2023 ▸ updates in Nereidae in Annelida.
27∙06∙2023 ▸ updates in Gnosonesimida, Haplopharyngida (Platyhelminthes) and Monoplacophora (Mollusca).
19∙06∙2023 ▸ updates in Kinnorhyncha.
10∙06∙2023 ▸ updates in aquatic Clitellata (Annelidae), Rhabdocoela in Platyhelminthes, and data in Colombian Collembola.
09∙06∙2023 ▸ inclusion of links about Mammals/Carnivorous, Arachnida/Scorpiones and Mollusca/Heterobranchia.
03∙06∙2023 ▸ updates in Siboglinidae (Annelidae).
09∙05∙2023 ▸ updates in Porifera, pisces and Amphibia numbers.
09∙05∙2023 ▸ updates in Gymnophiona numbers, with Colombia suprasing Brazil in species diversity.
02∙05∙2023 ▸ updates on taxonomy of gastropoda, cephalopoda and bivalvia, and new numbers in Brachiopoda (Terebratullida).
20∙03∙2023 ▸ huge updates in Annelida/Clitellata and Branchiopoda.
04∙01∙2023 ▸ a huge update in many groups.
06∙08∙2022 ▸ a huge update in Insecta numbers and text.
06∙08∙2022 ▸ huge updates in Annelida, with inclusion of Echiura and Sipuncula inside the former, and other providences.
2022
24∙07∙2022 ▸ a major review and data optimization, inclusion of references and textual corrections.
11∙07∙2022 ▸ updates in Carideae, with the exclusion of Kakaducarididae (now inside Palaeomonidae).
11∙07∙2022 ▸ updates in Onychophora (phylogeny) and Rotifera (data from Mexico).
10∙07∙2022 ▸ recognition of Nemamyxine kreffti (Myxinidae) in Brazil.
27∙06∙2022 ▸ exclusion of Cyptogeobiidae as endemic opilione family in Brazil
27∙06∙2022 ▸ inclusion of data from Allokoenenia in Brazil.
13∙06∙2022 ▸ updates in many numbers in almost all classes.
20∙03∙2022 ▸ inclusion of data on the new Jurasaidae family of Coleoptera, endemic to Brazil.
11∙02∙2022 ▸ updates in Rotifera (new family added in numbers) and changes in Hypoechinorhynchidae name in Acanthocephala.
2021
04∙12∙2021 ▸ additional data of albinism.
26∙11∙2021 ▸ updates in Polipodiozoa and bioluminescent Clitellata and Mollusca.
20∙11∙2021 ▸ updates in lobsters (Decapoda).
20∙11∙2021 ▸ updates in Schizomida.
18∙11∙2021 ▸ some data in birds and mexican endemic marine fihes.
18∙11∙2021 ▸ addition of informations about Lama (Camelidae).
18∙11∙2021 ▸ additon of south american number of bird species, and Capitonidae as Mexican outsider.
12∙11∙2021 ▸ spell checking, text optimization and light restructuring.
ANNEX ‣ main bibliographical references in zoology
ZOOTAXA
ZOOKEYS
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TAXONOMY
PAPÉIS AVULSOS DE ZOOLOGIA
ZOOSYSTEMA
IHERINGIA
NAUPLIUS
DIVERSITY
CHECKLIST
SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
ICHTHYOLOGY & HERPETOLOGY
SPRINGER: MARINE BIODIVERSITY
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ZOOLOGIA
ORGANISMS DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION
ZOOSYSTEMATICA ROSSICA
ZOOLOGISCHER ANZEIGER
INSECTS
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENTOMOLOGIA
TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ANNALES ZOOLOGICI FENNICI
ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY
DUGESIANA
INSECT SYSTEMATICS AND DIVERSITY
CLADISTICS
ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF LINNEAN SOCIETY
INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS
TERESINA, PIAUÍ, BRAZIL